... rotate about their long axes to skew limbs mediolaterally through the stride cycle. Locomotion Bipedalism Kinematics Avian XROMM Three-dimensional Numida meleagris X-ray Animation Analyses of avian bipedalism typically focus on steady locomotion. Birds are predominantly studied...

.... Three-dimensional (3D) motion analyses have documented non-planar limb movements, but the skeletal kinematics underlying changes in foot orientation and transverse position remain unclear. In particular, long-axis rotation of the proximal limb segments is extremely difficult to measure with topical...

... by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2014 Videography Stereography Bundle adjustment Photogrammetry Direct linear transformation Kinematics Three-dimensional Tracking Researchers have studied many diverse topics, including animal behavior and plant seed dispersal, by recording and quantifying...

... delay before strike initiation, up to which the owl can adapt its flight path to a new stimulus position. In this study, this critical stimulus delay was determined in a three-dimensional free-flight paradigm. Barn owls localized a pulsed broadband noise while sitting on a perch in total darkness...

.... Incorporating a five-segment, 17 degree-of-freedom (d.f.) kinematic model of the ostrich hind limb developed from anatomical specimens, we quantified the three-dimensional(3-D) joint axis alignment and joint kinematics during running (at ∼3.3 m s –1 ) in the largest avian biped, the ostrich. Our analysis...