...Maayan Kaiser; Frederic Libersat ABSTRACT The jewel wasp stings cockroaches and injects venom into their cerebral ganglia, namely the subesophageal ganglion (SOG) and supraesophageal ganglion (SupOG). The venom induces a long-term hypokinetic state, during which the stung cockroach shows little...

... of the cockroach brain. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: libersat@bgu.ac.il ) 15 10 2007 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2007 2007 Periplaneta americana parasitoid wasp brain subesophageal ganglion walking octopamine Unlike most venomous predators, some parasitoid...

... - the subesophageal ganglion (SubEG). For anatomical reasons, ablations were performed in embryos, rather than in adults. At the end of embryonic development, we observed the leeches' spontaneous behaviour and their responses to moderate touch. We observed that, although the midbody ganglia of the leech CNS display...

... the subesophageal ganglion, even when the motor pattern is evoked by exposing only the more posterior ganglia to pilocarpine. In pairwise intracellular recordings from unpaired median neurons in different ganglia, prominent excitatory postsynaptic potentials, which occur with an anterior-to-posterior delay in both...