... within a short period while fasting ashore. During molt, king penguins ( Aptenodytes patagonicus ) lose half of their initial body mass, most importantly their insulating subcutaneous fat and half of their pectoral muscle mass. The latter might challenge their capacity to generate and sustain...

... which they replenish their energy stores at sea. However, at sea, birds might encounter periods of low foraging profitability, forcing them to draw from previously stored energy (e.g. subcutaneous fat). Accessing peripheral fat stores requires perfusion, increasing heat loss and thermoregulatory costs...

... tank, probably reflecting perfusion changes required for the deposition of subcutaneous fat. Seabirds Heterothermia Subcutaneous fat Normothermia Fat storage Heat loss Marine endotherms living in cold water are confronted with potentially significant heat loss and high...

... trips ( Fig. 4 ), suggesting a substantial change in body insulation (subcutaneous fat) over time. This fits well with the observation by Handrich et al. (1995) that body mass in breeding king penguins progressively increased throughout the first 7 months of their breeding cycle, reflecting a rise...