... pneumotachometer. Three female walruses (670–1025 kg) voluntarily participated in spirometry trials while spontaneously breathing on land (sitting and lying down in sternal recumbency) and floating in water. While sitting, two walruses performed active respiratory efforts, and one animal participated in lung...

.... Spirometry End-expired gas Breathing frequency Tidal volume Marine mammal Diving physiology Marine mammals forage underwater but need to return to the surface to replenish O 2 stores and to remove the CO 2 produced during dives. While holding their breath underwater, they use the O 2...