... detection by the retina was thought to occur solely through the absorption of photons by rod and cone photoreceptors, producing an electrochemical signal that is relayed via a network of interneurons to the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs; see Glossary). RGCs are the output cells of the retina; they send axons...

...Chloe Peneaux; Gabriel E. Machovsky-Capuska; John A. Endler; Andrea S. Griffin ABSTRACT Producing colored signals often requires consuming dietary carotenoid pigments. Evidence that food deprivation can reduce coloration, however, raises the question of whether other dietary nutrients contribute...

...Kenneth R. Olson ABSTRACT The biological effects of oxidants, especially reactive oxygen species (ROS), include signaling functions (oxidative eustress), initiation of measures to reduce elevated ROS (oxidative stress), and a cascade of pathophysiological events that accompany excessive ROS...

.... Invertebrate Mt2 Lipid homeostasis Hemocyte Innate immunity Ceramide Signaling Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) Innate immunity ( Janeway and Medzhitov, 2002 ) is an evolutionarily conserved host defense mechanism present throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. It is the predominant form...

... at depths of up to 70 m. One dynamic pattern, termed ‘flashing' is characterized by a global oscillation (2–4 Hz) of body color between white and red. Flashing was almost always observed when other squid were visible in the video frame, and this behavior presumably represents intraspecific signaling...

... the current knowledge about UPR mt signaling pathways as well as their potential involvement in physiology. * These authors contributed equally to this work ‡ Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) Author contributions V.J., L.M. and J.A. wrote the manuscript; V.J. conceived...

...Trevor J. Rivers; James G. Morin SUMMARY Luminescent signals can be used by animals for a number of purposes, including courtship and defense, sometimes by the same individual. However, the relative costs of producing these different behaviors are largely unknown. In the marine ostracod Photeros...

... this visual system. The term `hidden' or`private' communication channel has been given to this concept because many cephalopod predators may not be able to see their polarized reflective patterns. We review the evidence for polarization vision as well as polarization signaling in some cephalopod species...

... of osmosensing, signal transducing and effector molecules. Although the critical role of effector proteins such as Na + , K + -ATPases and Na + /K + /Cl – co-transporters during osmotic stress are well established, comparatively little information is available regarding the identity or expression...

... elongation of axons in the absence of an active growth cone, implying that signals from the active growth cone regulate transport. To determine the nature of these signals, we have focally stimulated the shafts of sensory axons in culture with nerve growth factor(NGF) covalently conjugated to polystyrene...