... and aerodynamically active upstroke of hummingbirds lead to different patterns, we flew rufous hummingbirds ( Selasphorus rufus , 3 g body mass, 42 Hz wingbeat frequency) in a variable-speed wind tunnel (0–10 m s −1 ). We measured neuromuscular activity in the pectoralis (PECT) and supracoracoideus (SUPRA) muscles...

... that other wing kinematics besides stroke-plane angle would vary in hummingbirds. To test this, we used synchronized high-speed (500 Hz) video cameras and measured the three-dimensional wing and body kinematics of rufous hummingbirds ( Selasphorus rufus , 3 g, N =5) as they flew at velocities of 0-12 m s -1...

...-mail: [email protected] ) 21 1 2004 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2004 2004 rufous hummingbird Selasphorus rufus force perch velocity kinematics flight References Alexander, R. McN. ( 1995 ). Leg design and jumping technique for humans, other vertebrates and insects...

... Wolf , L. L. and Hainsworth , F. R. ( 1971 ). Time and energy budgets of territorial hummingbirds . Ecology 52 , 980 – 988 . 10.2307/1933803 aerodynamics flight hummingbird muscle power Selasphorus platycercus Selasphorus rufus Hovering flight has been...

... foraging hummingbird kinematics Selasphorus platycerus Selasphorus rufus Despite the large number of studies investigating aspects of hummingbird ecology, very little work has focused on the mechanical, and, hence, energetic, interactions between flying hummingbirds and their environment...