...Neville J. Pires; Brendan S. Lay; Jonas Rubenson ABSTRACT Surprisingly little information exists of the mechanics in the steps initializing the walk-to-run transition (WRT) in humans. Here, we assess how mechanical work of the limbs (vertical and horizontal) and the individual joints (ankle, knee...

...Tetsuya Ogawa; Noritaka Kawashima; Hiroki Obata; Kazuyuki Kanosue; Kimitaka Nakazawa ABSTRACT Here, we investigate the association of neural control between walking and running, and in particular, how these two gait modes at different velocities are controlled by the central nervous system...

...Tatjana Y. Hubel; James R. Usherwood ABSTRACT Terrestrial locomotion on legs is energetically expensive. Compared with cycling, or with locomotion in swimming or flying animals, walking and running are highly uneconomical. Legged gaits that minimise mechanical work have previously been identified...

...Neville J. Pires; Brendan S. Lay; Jonas Rubenson Two commonly proposed mechanical explanations for the walk-to-run transition (WRT) include the prevention of muscular over-exertion (effort) and the minimization of peak musculoskeletal loads and thus injury risk. The purpose of this study...

... and catches up, which finally results in a straight jump. In swimming, synchronous ballistic power strokes of both hindlegs drive the tibiae on a ventral-to-posterior trajectory through the water, well coordinated with the swimming patterns of all legs. In walking, running and climbing the steps...

...James R. Usherwood; Katie L. Szymanek; Monica A. Daley SUMMARY The constraints to maximum walking speed and the underlying cause of the walk–run transition remains controversial. However, the motions of the body and legs can be reduced to a few mechanical principles, which, if valid,impose simple...

...Jonas Rubenson; Denham B. Heliams; Shane K. Maloney; Philip C. Withers; David G. Lloyd; Paul A. Fournier SUMMARY The alleged high net energy cost of running and low net energy cost of walking in humans have played an important role in the interpretation of the evolution of human bipedalism...

... specialized gaits later in ontogeny, when the adult body morphology has been attained. Gerbils and jirds incorporate a bounding gait, dormice incorporate galloping and jerboas incorporate bipedal running. Species with more specialized locomotion thus undergo more developmental stages than those with less...