... and how it may relate to acid–base regulation. Ammonia excretion Ammonia transporters Rhesus proteins Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel Microtubule network Summary: This Commentary discusses the ammonia excretion strategies of invertebrates inhabiting...

... gill. Fish development Gill ontogeny Ion regulation Ornithine urea cycle OUC Rhesus proteins Urea transporter Ammonia is generated as a waste product of protein and amino acid catabolism. In this Review, ‘ammonia’ refers to total ammonia, whereas ‘NH 3 ’ and ‘NH 4 + ’ refer to non...

... glutamine synthetase Rhesus proteins gulf toadfish Opsanus beta The gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta , is unusual among teleosts in demonstrating the capacity to alter both rates and patterns of nitrogen excretion. Under conditions of minimal stress in the laboratory, toadfish are slightly...

... ). nitrogen excretion urea ammonia plasma feeding gill gastrointestinal tract glutamine synthetase Rhesus proteins gulf toadfish Opsanus beta © 2012. 2012 12 10 2011 * Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) ...

[email protected] ) 8 6 2010 © 2010. 2010 fugu gills Rhesus proteins ammonia transport NHE3 Na + /K + -ATPase NKCC1 H + -ATPase As the major end product of nitrogen metabolism for many teleost fish, ammonia must be excreted in order to avoid toxic accumulation...