... displays are difficult for females to quickly assess, and thus buy time for a courting male to approach. These ideas need to be tested further. We thank Pablo Núñez Berea for help in collection of spiders in Mexico. Mary Emma Searles and Ashley Carey helped in the collection of retina data...

... environmental change. Little is known about whether such changes occur independently of external cues, such as photoperiod or temperature, or how they may impact the central nervous system. We compared membrane properties of neurons isolated from the retina of goldfish ( Carassius auratus ), an organism well...

...Rikard Frederiksen; Gordon L. Fain; Alapakkam P. Sampath ABSTRACT Retinal bipolar cells receive direct input from rod and cone photoreceptors and send axons into the inner retina, synapsing onto amacrine and ganglion cells. Bipolar cell responses can be either depolarizing (ON) or hyperpolarizing...

... retinas. ipRGCs were initially thought to be a single retinal ganglion cell population, and melanopsin was thought to activate a single, invertebrate-like G q /transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC)-based phototransduction cascade within these cells. However, in the 20 years since the discovery...

...Michael W. Country; Michael G. Jonz ABSTRACT Neurons of the retina require oxygen to survive. In hypoxia, neuronal ATP production is impaired, ATP-dependent ion pumping is reduced, transmembrane ion gradients are dysregulated, and intracellular Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) increases enough...

... to second-order cell synapse in salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) retina . J. Neurosci. 23 , 3796 - 3806 . 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-09-03796.2003 Arshavsky , V. Y. and Burns , M. E. ( 2014 ). Current understanding of signal amplification in phototransduction . Cellular Logistics 4...

... visual opsins and melanopsin creates functionally unique chimeric opsins with potential optogenetic applications. Retina Opsin Chimera G protein Optogenetics Phototransduction Optogenetics is the use of light-sensitive molecules to confer photosensitivity to cells...

...-specific spectral specializations, evidenced using electroretinogram and behavioral assays. Arthropods Eye Retina Ultraviolet vision Electroretinogram Open field test There are over 48 thousand spider species on Earth (World Spider Catalog 20.5, https://wsc.nmbe.ch/ , accessed on 9...

..., Naso brevirostris , with the largest changes occurring from the larval to the juvenile stage. Visual ecology Teleosts Fish Ontogeny Opsin Retina Visual acuity Many animals use vision to perform important behavioural tasks such as feeding, mating, avoiding predators and finding...

... a model organism of choice for developmental biology and neurobiology. This vertebrate model, which is also a favourite in chronobiology studies, shows striking circadian rhythmicity in behaviour. Here, we identify novel genes in the zebrafish genome that are expressed in the zebrafish retina. We further...

... Ltd 2018 Highlighted Article: Clarification of the potential of visual tuning in Atlantic cod through differential opsin usage during changes in environmental light, with reference to the influence of developmental pre-programming and population ecotypes. Opsin Retina Larvae...

... target size a photoreceptor can robustly encode is sufficient to explain the detection limit of higher-order, target-detecting neurons or observed behavioural pursuits. Target detection Vision Contrast sensitivity Retina Signal-to-noise ratio Feature detection Visual systems optimized...

... with a greater degree of accuracy. For example, we could precisely resolve the layering of the anterior median eyes and could map out the extensive retina of the anterior lateral eyes of the spider. Measurements also confirmed that fly ommatidia are focused into infinity, but showed that their focal plane...

... slug, and also shows the utility of β-arrestin as a molecular marker of optic nerves. Spatiotemporal resolution Lehmannia Optic nerve Rhodopsin Retina Gastropod Most metazoan animal species have eyes as a sensory organ specialized for the detection of ambient light. The evolution...

... varying across the retina. Spectral sensitivity, which affects both achromatic and chromatic (colour) vision, also varies across the retina, though the function of this inhomogeneity is less clear. We previously demonstrated spatially varying spectral sensitivity of double cones in the cichlid fish...

...Therese Reber; Antti Vähäkainu; Emily Baird; Matti Weckström; Eric Warrant; Marie Dacke ABSTRACT To control flight, insects rely on the pattern of visual motion generated on the retina as they move through the environment. When light levels fall, vision becomes less reliable and flight control thus...

... that predominantly expressed a short wavelength (SWS2) opsin but ultraviolet cones, expressing a SWS1 opsin, were present throughout the retina. Fish from red light-shifted lakes, when transferred to clear waters, had a ∼2% increase in RH2/LWS double cones, though double cone density remained constant. Comparison...

...Ruth Bejarano-Escobar; Manuel Blasco; Gervasio Martín-Partido; Javier Francisco-Morcillo SUMMARY Constant intense light causes apoptosis of photoreceptors in the retina of albino fish. However, very few studies have been performed on pigmented species. Tench ( Tinca tinca ) is a teleost inhabiting...

... visual function throughout ontogeny. * Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) 3 1 2012 22 3 2012 © 2012. 2012 vision fish photoreceptor development retina cichlids Ontogeny, the developmental history of an organism throughout its lifetime, is a key...

...Jason C. Raine; Allison B. Coffin; Craig W. Hawryshyn SUMMARY Thyroid hormones (THs) play a vital role in vertebrate neural development, and, together with the beta isoform of the thyroid hormone receptor (TRβ), the development and differentiation of cone photoreceptors in the vertebrate retina...