..., this reveals a 2×2 matrix of timing-dependent memory valence for the occurrence/termination of reward/punishment. These findings should aid the understanding and modelling of how brains decipher the predictive, causal structure of events around a target reinforcing occurrence. * Present address...

... substances with strikingly strong rewarding effects are identified from the medicinal plant Rhodiola rosea . Drosophila melanogaster Learning Memory Olfaction Reinforcement Taste Rhodiola rosea L. ( Sedum roseum ) is a folk-medicine plant of the family Crassulaceae. In accordance...

... that these memories are established in parallel. We discuss the similarity of our results to what has been reported for sodium chloride, and the possible neurogenetic bases for concentration-dependent changes in valence when these tastants are used as reinforcers. Non-parametric statistics were applied throughout...

... the high-temperature reinforcement information to influence place learning when accurate predictions can be identified. * Present address: Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA † Author for correspondence ( zarst...

... these analogous responses to cocaine in insects and mammals, we propose an alternative solution to the paradox of cocaine reinforcement. Ecologically, cocaine is an effective plant defence compound via disruption of herbivore motor control but, because the neurochemical systems targeted by cocaine also modulate...