... control because it contains central pattern generators (CPGs) – systems of coupled neuronal oscillators that provide coordinated rhythmic control of muscle activation that can be viewed as feedforward controllers – and multiple reflex loops that provide feedback mechanisms. These circuits are activated...

...Stewart I. Head; Brian M. H. Bush ABSTRACT The reflex effects and interactions of two proprioceptors upon motoneurones supplying the four basal leg muscles of the shore crab Carcinus maenas have been studied in a new in vitro preparation consisting of the thoracic-coxal muscle receptor organ (TCMRO...

...). Injecting current into a motor neurone can change the gain of TCMRO reflexes in other motor neurones. Some motor neurones are also capable of reversing the sign of TCMRO reflexes by inhibiting reflex firing of antagonists and facilitating reflex activity in synergists. The implications of these central...

...Jaleel A. Miyan; Douglas M. Neil ABSTRACT The morphology, sensory responses and reflex effects of two proprioceptive systems in the swimmerets of the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegieus are described. Two bipolar cells embedded in an elastic strand (strand B) which spans from the sternal rib...

...Sasha N. Zill ABSTRACT Reflex responses of tibial motoneurones were examined during mechanical stimulation of the femoral chordotonal organ, a joint angle receptor of the locust hindleg. Step displacements of the main ligament of the organ, mimicking 10–15° changes in joint angle, produced...

...Sasha N. Zill; Robin R. Forman ABSTRACT Imposed changes in activity of a joint angle receptor of the locust leg, the metathoracic femoral chordotonal organ, produce variable, phasic reflex responses in a leg extensor motoneurone in untrained animals. After training the locust to maintain a posture...