.... and Hurteau , M.-F. ( 2015 ). Modulation of forelimb and hindlimb muscle activity during quadrupedal tied-belt and split-belt locomotion in intact cats . Neuroscience   290 , 266 - 278 . 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.084 Gálvez-López , E. , Maes , L. D. and Abourachid , A. ( 2011...

... ). Biomechanics of quadrupedal walking: how do four-legged animals achieve inverted pendulum-like movements?   J. Exp. Biol.   207 , 3545 - 3558 . 10.1242/jeb.01177 Günther , M. and Blickhan , R. ( 2002 ). Joint stiffness of the ankle and the knee in running . J. Biomech.   35 , 1459 - 1474...

... impulse distribution of 65:35 across a modest walking speed range. By this measure, giraffes are broadly similar to most other quadrupedal mammals, despite having a large (and long) mass of neck and head attached to the cranial thorax. Impulse CC values are often different in quadrupeds' forelimbs...

... speed. In studies of quadrupedal mammals, there has been very little focus on mediolateral ground reaction forces generated during locomotion. This is largely because these forces are typically very low, except during turning ( Jindrich and Qiao, 2009 ). Cursorial quadrupeds restrict...

... in energy. These analyses offer new insight into quadrupedal locomotion, clarifying how the moments generated by hindlimb muscles modulate mechanical energy at different locomotor speeds and grades, as needed to accommodate the demands of variable terrain. 31 10 2012 28 2 2013 © 2013...

...: comparisons with cats and dogs . Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 11 , 263 – 274 . Vilensky J. A. ( 1989 ). Primate quadrupedalism: how and why does it differ from that of typical quadrupeds? Brain Behav. Evol. 34 , 357 – 364 . Vonesh E. F. , Chinchilli V. M. ( 1997 ). Linear...

...David V. Lee SUMMARY Quadrupedal running on grades requires balancing of pitch moments about the center of mass (COM) while supplying sufficient impulse to maintain a steady uphill or downhill velocity. Here, trotting mechanics on a 15 deg grade were characterized by the distribution of impulse...

... and retractor muscles of the hindlimb. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 19 1 2009 2009 retractor muscles protractor muscles electromyogram EMG recruitment quadruped running hip Because the extrinsic appendicular muscles cross from attachment...

...Ludovic D. Maes; Marc Herbin; Rémi Hackert; Vincent L. Bels; Anick Abourachid SUMMARY Only a few studies on quadrupedal locomotion have investigated symmetrical and asymmetrical gaits in the same framework because the mechanisms underlying these two types of gait seem to be different and it took...

.... F., Alexander, R. McN. and Bennett, M. B. ( 1988 ). Why are mammalian tendons so thick? J. Zool. Lond. 216 , 309 -324. Larson, S. G. and Stern, J. T. ( 2007 ). Humeral retractor EMG during quadrupedal walking in primates. J. Exp. Biol. 210 , 1204 -1215. Nassar, P., Jackson...

... are also largely out of phase in walking quadrupeds( Cavagna et al., 1977 )including dogs ( Griffin et al.,2004 ), the mechanics of quadrupedal walking is generally less clear: although kinetic and potential energy oscillations can be broadly out of phase, the degree to which limbs can be treated as stiff...

... (e.g. Jayes and Alexander, 1978 ; Demes et al., 1994 ; Schmitt and Lemelin, 2002 ),the substrate reaction forces (SRFs, a measure of overall limb function) of most quadrupedal mammals moving linearly along a flat and level trackway using a symmetrical gait follow a common pattern. The vertical...

...., Larson, S. G. and Stern, J. T. J. ( 1994 ). Serratus ventralis function in vervet monkeys( Cercopithecus aethiops ): are primate quadrupeds unique? J. Zool. Lond . 232 , 215 -230. Tokuriki, M. ( 1973a ). Electromyographic and joint-mechanical studies in quadrupedal locomotion. I. Walk. Jpn. J. vet...

...J. J. Chen; A. M. Peattie; K. Autumn; R. J. Full SUMMARY Legs of sprawled-posture, quadrupedal trotting geckos ( Hemidactylus garnotii ) each functioned differently during constant average-speed locomotion. The center of mass decelerated in the first half of a step and accelerated in the second...

...% when guinea fowl ran on a 16% incline ( Daley and Biewener,2003 ). The increase in muscle force for this species may reflect the steeper incline and/or its smaller size and differences in muscle-tendon architecture. There have been few direct measurements of muscle forces in quadrupeds locomoting...

... Reliability is the variance ratio calculated over 10 strides during one trial. Overall s . d . = 0.023 (based on RM-ANOVA MSE). * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 22 12 2004 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2005 2005 Locomotion quadruped...

... of assumptions if we were to find discrepancies between predictions and data (e.g. in metabolic cost). To summarize, we ask whether there exists a set of biologically plausible locomotory principles that, when specified in the formulation of our model,unifies well-known features of quadrupedal trotting...

... the long-standing supposition that a diagonal pattern of limb support provides mechanical stability during quadrupedal trotting. This stability is probably an important factor in the preponderance of trotting gaits among quadrupeds. For cursorial quadrupeds with relatively long limbs and laterally...