... formation. Previously, it was shown that propranolol, a synthetic beta-blocker, altered emotional memory in Lymnaea. We show here that when propranolol but not saline is injected into smart snails before they perceive the combination of stressors, these snails form LTM. We then show that the injection...

... here that even with a 72 h interval between shell clip and training, memory enhancement still occurred. The stress associated with shell clip could be mitigated by an ongoing high-Ca 2 + pond water environment, an injection of propranolol and a DNA methylation blocker. However, use of an anaesthetic...

... a =50°C) or following propranolol (1.3 mg kg -1 ) or clonidine (80 μg kg -1 ) administration. Using laser Doppler flowmetry, we found a significant increase (1.3-fold) in skin blood flow in the dorsal skin of HAc pigeons following propanolol administration. In contrast, a significant decrease (0.7-fold...

... and the β -adrenergic blockers nadolol and propranolol. Saline injection was used as a control. Heart rate in control animals increased before voluntary dives and dropped markedly as soon as the animals submerged. Heart rate started increasing towards the end of voluntary dives and reached pre-dive values...

... pre-treated with the selective β -adrenoceptor antagonist, D,L-propranolol, was compared with that of D-propranolol (an isomer with minimal β -antagonistic activity) and saline pre-treated fish (sham). A sustained 3.6-fold increase in gill ventilation volume was observed in the sham and D-propranolol...