... of competitor and caged-predator environments and measured their development, growth and production of hydrophobic skin peptides after metamorphosis. In the absence of predator cues, or if the exposure to predator cues was late in ontogeny, competition caused more than a 250% increase in mass-standardized...

... by American lobsters may serve to deter potential fish predators. REFERENCES Au W. W. L. , Hastings M. C. ( 2008 ). Measurements and generation of underwater sounds . In Principles of Marine Bioacoustics (ed. Au W. W. L. , Hastings M. C. ), pp. 27 - 51 . New York : Springer...