... metabolic rate (BMR), is being modulated as part of the management energy strategy has been largely neglected. Here, we addressed this possibility by experimentally exposing captive great tits (Parus major) during winter to two consecutive treatments of increased starvation and predation risk for each...

... a small Australian freshwater fish (the western rainbowfish, Melanotaenia australis) to determine whether populations showed variation in eye size and eye position, and whether this variation could be explained by environmental (light availability, turbidity) and ecological (predation risk, habitat...

...Jose C. Noguera; Alberto Velando ABSTRACT It is often assumed that embryos are isolated from external influences, but recent studies indicate that environmental stressors during prenatal stages can exert long-term negative effects on fitness. A potential mechanism by which predation risk may...

...Romina B. Ituarte; María G. Vázquez; Claudia C. Bas ABSTRACT Most aquatic animals use infochemicals from both conspecifics and heterospecifics to assess local predation risks and enhance predator detection. Released substances from injured conspecifics and other species (chemical alarm cues...

... on hedgehogs’ energy expenditure, explaining hedgehog distribution in rural areas. Arable farmland Doubly labelled water Landscape of fear Meles meles Predation risk Energy balance is essential in all animals for survival and reproduction. The cost of homeostasis, particularly body...

... force is negatively related to local predation risk from larval dragonflies. We also test a cuticle structure hypothesis, which predicts that breaking force is positively related to joint size and to joint cuticle thickness because of a structural support relationship between joint and lamella. The peak...

... are present, and that the olfactory pathway mediates the response. * Author for correspondence ([email protected]) 12 7 2012 3 9 2012 © 2012. 2012 chemosensation olfactory tracking predation risk risk assessment risk sensitivity trade-offs Nearly every...

... behaviour is indeed affected by FMR and perceived predation risk. Along with wing and body morphology, and temperature(Tsuji et al., 1986 ; Marden and Chai, 1991 ; Stutt and Willmer, 1998 ; Van Dyck and Matthysen, 1998 ; Berwaerts and Van Dyck, 2004),flight muscle ratio [FMR: thorax mass/total body...

... detection and bat predator avoidance by acoustic detection. We studied male moths that were simultaneously exposed to female sex pheromones indicating the presence of a potential mate, and artificial bat cries simulating a predation risk. We show that stimulation of one sensory modality can modulate...

... observed to leap at glossophagine bats hover-feeding at a flower (O. von Helversen, personal communication). Predation risk may be a very strong selective force, especially in small and vulnerable but still long-lived bats (K-strategists, e.g. Begon et al., 1998) that may not be intuitively obvious. A bat...

... Trade and Industry, 1–2 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan 09 10 1998 07 12 1998 © 1999 by Company of Biologists 1999 avian moult aerodynamics flight mechanical power cost of transport manoeuvrability predation risk Moulting in birds is an energetically...