... development and survival of offspring. Here, we examined the effects of maternal food restriction during pregnancy on offspring in the matrotrophic (i.e. mother-nourishment throughout gestation) live-bearing fish species Phalloptychus januarius (Poeciliidae). We fed pregnant females with either low or high...

... Collective motion Poeciliidae Understanding how the evolution of social complexity is related to the evolution of cognition has been a key challenge for social behaviour studies. Cognition refers to mechanisms that animals have for taking in information through their senses, retaining it, and using...

... of roll, pitch and yaw motions. Biomechanics Swimming C-start 3D tracking Fish behaviour Poeciliidae Fast-start responses are a pivotal manoeuvre in predator–prey interactions of fish: prey exhibit this behaviour to propel themselves away from danger, while predators use it to lunge...