... the taxa studied here were incorporated into the statistical analysis as follows. We used a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampler for generalised linear mixed models that includes correlated random effects from a phylogeny, as implemented in the package MCMCglmm (Hadfield, 2010). In this model, we...

... technique. We then performed an analysis to test for potential variability in contrast sensitivity depending on the corneal diameter to the axial length ratio, a proxy of the retinal image brightness. To account for potential influences of evolutionary relatedness, we included phylogeny in our analyses. We...

... in endotherms. Bioenergetics Endotherms ATP/O Body mass Metabolic scope Phylogeny French Government Body mass (M b) is certainly one of the most fundamental and significant elements that characterize an organism's morphological, behavioral, physiological and ecological properties...

... by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2023 Summary: Sleep is a familiar, everyday experience that is near ubiquitous in animals. We review sleep across taxa, highlighting the diversity of observed sleep behaviour and insights into sleep physiology and function. Sleep Evolution Phylogeny Sleep...

... in our knowledge of the evolution of neuropeptide signalling systems that have been enabled by comparative genomics and neuropeptide receptor deorphanisation. Evolution Invertebrate Neuropeptide Phylogeny Receptor Vertebrate The release of peptides as intercellular signalling molecules...

... useful characters for determining the positions of sponges within the animal tree. Intertwined with discussion of basal metazoan phylogeny is consideration of the evolution of neuronal systems. Recent data show that neural systems of ctenophores are vastly different from those of other animals and use...

[email protected]) Competing interests The author declares no competing or financial interests. © 2015. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2015 Ctenophora Neurons Phylogeny Pleurobrachia Mnemiopsis Genome Neurotransmitters Evolution Our understanding of the origins...

... of mammalian . We used both conventional and phylogenetically informed allometric regression models to analyze of 77 ‘species’ (including subspecies or separate populations within species) in relation to body size, phylogeny, diet and measurement method. Both body mass and allometrically mass-corrected showed...

... and manuscript revision. COMPETING INTERESTS No competing interests declared. 31 7 2013 19 8 2013 © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2013 fish cardiac control pacemaker real-time reverse transcriptase PCR anoxia HCN channel phylogeny The regular...

.... 4 2 2013 28 7 2013 © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2013 behavioural test gene expression eyes phylogeny vision opsins The hunting spider Cupiennius salei Keys is a nocturnal predator that has been the focus of interest for a long time because...

... and interpretation of the results and preparation of the manuscript: C.D., R.W., T.B. and A.F. COMPETING INTERESTS No competing interests declared. 2 10 2012 13 1 2013 © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2013 phylogeny oxygen binding Diplopoda allosteric...

...: Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA * Author for correspondence ([email protected]) 25 3 2011 © 2011. 2011 arboreal locomotion performance kinematics Boa constrictor Pantherophis guttatus phylogeny concertina locomotion lateral...

... for correspondence ([email protected]) 26 7 2010 © 2010. 2010 Stomatopoda visual complexity filters physiology eye evolution phylogeny character reconstruction The stomatopod crustaceans, or mantis shrimps, are among the most charismatic of animals. While these marine creatures have...

... as reported in some tetrapods. acoustic communication courtship functional morphology ontogeny phylogeny sound production swimbladder vocalization Of the many species of fishes that are known to acoustically communicate,perhaps the group most intensively studied and best understood...

... 2007 locomotion scaling limb posture kinematics limb skeleton morphology allometry Felidae cat evolution phylogeny Limb posture is an important attribute of animal body plans because it influences the patterns of movements and muscle activity that can contribute to propulsion...

.... Despite their potential utility, no explicit, phylogeny-based, broad-scale comparative studies of the evolution of gas exchange in insects have been undertaken. This may be due partly to the preponderance of information for the endopterygotes, and its scarcity for the apterygotes and exopterygotes. Here...

... Phrynosomatidae phylogeny skeletal muscle Most evolutionary biologists agree that it is desirable to begin comparative studies with a lineage of organisms that displays adequate diversity in the traits of interest, yet is closely enough related that one is not comparing `apples and oranges' or `chalk...

... with phylogenetically based statistical methods, and of comparative approaches in general, both practical and theoretical. It is our personal opinion that the incorporation of phylogeny information into comparative studies has been highly beneficial, not only because it can improve the reliability of statistical...

... tree topologies were assessed using the bootstrap resampling technique(Felsenstein, 1985), with 1000 replicates for the MP and NJ trees and 100 replicates for ML tree. A phylogeny was also reconstructed using the Bayesian framework as implemented in MR BAYES 3.0B4 (Huelsenbeck and Ronquist, 2001...

.... Physiol. 218 , 1233 -1238. Felsenstein, J. (1985). Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am. Nat. 125 , 1 -15. Garland, T. J., Jones, J. A. and Midford, P. E. (1998). Phenotypic Diversity Analysis Program - PDTree Module. Version 5.0 , Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin. Hayssen, V...