... contributes to the immune response; however, this participation reduces muscle function and increases mortality from predation. Sharing resources optimizes function, but comes at a cost. Ecoimmunology Predator stress Pathogen Trade-offs Lepidoptera Natural Sciences and Engineering Research...

... the behavioral changes that vertebrate animals experience following infection. We then compare and contrast the physiological mechanisms responsible for generating these sickness behaviors across different taxa. Bacteria Parasite Pathogen Infection Diseases Sickness behavior Fever Cytokines...

...Nicholas C. Wu; Rebecca L. Cramp; Michel E. B. Ohmer; Craig E. Franklin ABSTRACT Chytridiomycosis, a lethal fungal skin disease of amphibians, fatally disrupts ionic and osmotic homeostasis. Infected amphibians increase their skin shedding rate (sloughing) to slow pathogen growth, but the sloughing...

...- and forager-aged bees. Proboscis extension reflex Pathogen Insect brain Associative learning Amino acid Biogenic amine Nosema sp. is an internal parasite of the honey bee, Apis mellifera , and one of the most significant factors contributing to colony losses ( Goulson et al., 2015...

... were fed cytochalasin D (1 mg ml –1 diluted in a 1:1 honey:water solution) for 12 h. Venom glands were dissected and p40 immunolocalization was performed as described above. In this study we focused on highly pathogenic wasp species of the genus Leptopilina that effectively suppress host...

... is to stimulate actin nucleation and force production at the leading edge of motile cells. What is now clear is that Arp2/3-complex-mediated force production drives many intracellular movements, including movement of bacterial pathogens in infected host cells, internalization of extracellular materials via...