...; to accomplish this task, they exhibit distinct metabolic changes during key reproductive stages. Enhydra lutris Gestation Lactation Resting metabolic rate Energetics Parental investment Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) are extreme income breeders (Stearns, 1992 ; Thometz et al., 2014). High...

... to mothers rearing early versus late litters in the year. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) 18 11 2008 2009 energy allocation parental investment energetic cost reproduction reproductive effort seasonal shift allocation strategy fat depletion...

... consumption daily energy expenditure sibling competition parental investment chick growth black-headed gull Larus ridibundus © The Company of Biologists Limited 2003 2003 23 6 2003 * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) ...

... of Biologists 1992 Blattella germanica parental investment nitrogen metabolism Insects utilize a variety of strategies and adaptations to fulfil nutritional requirements for their growth, development and reproduction (Thornhill and Gwynne, 1986 ; Slansky and Rodriguez, 1987). Reproductive...