... the behavioral and transcriptional effects induced by different lengths of food deprivation: 1 day, which is a short time period of food deprivation, and 3 days, which is an ‘intermediate’ level of food deprivation. Snails were subjected to different feeding regimens and then trained for operant conditioning...

... environment results in the establishment of a lab-bred Lymnaea stagnalis strain with an enhanced ability to form memory as well as heightened resilience to physiological stressors. Aerial respiration Associative learning Operant conditioning Stress In order to not only survive but also...

... fitness; thus, we measured female song preference to evaluate the role of DA in mate selection and pair-bond formation, using an operant conditioning paradigm. We found that DA acting through the D2 receptor, but not the D1 receptor, can induce a song preference in unpaired female finches...

... as a result of experiencing stimuli simultaneously. Higher-order learning Lymnaea Operant conditioning Anti-predator behaviour Predator–prey interactions Learning, especially associative learning and the subsequent formation of memory, is a vital survival mechanism enabling organisms...

... in memory-forming ability, possibly due to environmental factors. Invertebrate Operant conditioning Aerial respiration Learning Environmental conditions are known to influence learning and memory formation in many species. The observation that environmental enrichment results in behavioural...

... nervous system that encode two G-protein-coupled receptors ( Lymnaea CBr-like 1 and 2) that structurally resemble mammalian cannabinoid receptors (CBrs). We found that injection of a mammalian CBr agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN 55) into the snail before operant conditioning obstructed learning and memory...

... reveals higher values for anatomical estimates but these may not be indicative of actual performance. Operant conditioning Retinal topography Visual behaviour Spatial frequency Marine signalling Spatial resolution It is important to note that our observed acuity measurements are based...

... © 2015. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2015 Summary: Learning context is a key modulator of taste in the honey bee. Gustation Learning Pavlovian conditioning Operant conditioning Negative reinforcement Apis mellifera Taste is the sense that allows animals...

... © 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2014 Sea turtle hearing Auditory evoked potentials Operant conditioning Behavioral audiograms There is growing concern over anthropogenic sound in the world's oceans and its potentially harmful effects on marine animals...

... here on how environmentally relevant stressors alter learning, memory and forgetting in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis . Operant conditioning of aerial respiration causes associative learning that may lead to long-term memory (LTM) formation. However, individual ecologically relevant stressors...

... trained in epicatechin-pond water. All snails received a single 0.5 h training session. In the operant conditioning group, the tactile stimulus was delivered as the snail attempted to open its pneumostome (i.e. contingent stimulation). However, in the yoked control group, snails received the tactile...

.... , Wildering W. , Syed N. ( 1996 ). Operant conditioning of aerial respiratory behaviour in Lymnaea stagnalis . J. Exp. Biol. 199 , 683 - 691 . Macan T. T. ( 1950 ). Ecology of fresh-water Mollusca in the English Lake District . J. Anim. Ecol. 19 , 124 - 146 . Macan T. T...

...M. V. Orr; K. Hittel; K. Lukowiak SUMMARY Learning and memory provide the flexibility an organism requires to respond to changing social and ecological conditions. Juvenile Lymnaea have previously been shown to have a diminished capacity to form long-term memory (LTM) following operant conditioning...

...M. Orr; K. Hittel; K. S. Lukowiak; J. Han; K. Lukowiak SUMMARY We found strain differences in the ability of wild Alberta Lymnaea stagnalis to form long-term memory (LTM) following operant conditioning when L. stagnalis were collected from the wild and trained in the laboratory. Lymnaea stagnalis...

... of food rewards was logged for each individual. Birds were maintained on this schedule for seven weeks. * Author for correspondence( [email protected] ) 25 6 2009 2009 songbird black-capped chickadee communication operant conditioning However, adult vocal...

...Michael V. Orr; Karla Hittel; Ken Lukowiak SUMMARY We set out to determine whether the ability to form long-term memory (LTM)is influenced by laboratory rearing. We investigated the ability of four populations of Lymnaea stagnalis to form LTM following operant conditioning both in the freely...

...M. R. Lowe; G. E. Spencer SUMMARY The aim of this study was to investigate the neural basis of operant conditioning in a semi-intact preparation of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis . Lymnaea learns, via operant conditioning, to reduce its aerial respiratory behaviour in response to an aversive...

... control over gill reflex behaviors in Aplysia : satiation causes an increase in the suppressive control in older but not young animals. J. Neurobiol. 11 , 591 -611. Lukowiak, K., Adatia, N., Krygier, D. and Syed, N. I. ( 2000 ). Operant conditioning in Lymnaea : evidence for intermediate...

.... * Author for correspondence should be addressed (e-mail: [email protected] ) 15 2 2005 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2005 2005 Lymnaea stagnalis learning operant conditioning snail behaviour memory trace Learning and memory are distinct but related processes...

... network can be used to study of the effects of H 2 S on the processes of learning and memory. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 4 5 2004 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2004 2004 hydrogen sulfide Lymnaea stagnalis operant conditioning aerial...