... and across species. Invertebrates, including leeches, have been used for these purposes in part because their nervous systems comprise a high proportion of identified neurons, but technical limitations make it challenging to assess the full extent to which assumptions of stereotypy hold true. Here, we...

...Auke J. Ijspeert; Monica A. Daley ABSTRACT Animal locomotion is the result of complex and multi-layered interactions between the nervous system, the musculo-skeletal system and the environment. Decoding the underlying mechanisms requires an integrative approach. Comparative experimental biology has...

... by an epithelial signal that spreads electrotonically but initiates muscle contraction via a synaptic event. Anti-tubulin antibody Epithelial conduction Intracellular recording Nervous system Swimming behaviour Unstriated muscle fibres The most striking feature of the behaviour...

.... Nervous system Pallial nerve Stellate ganglion Cephalopods Multiphoton microscopy Nerve backfilling More than 160 years of studies support evidence of outstanding regenerative abilities of cephalopod molluscs, showing that cuttlefish, squid and octopus are all capable of recovering...

... role of the nerve ring, which connects the nerves in each arm. These experiments were designed to determine how the ophiuroid nervous system performs complex decision making and locomotory actions under decentralized control. Our results show that brittle star arms must be connected by the nerve ring...

... level. Leeches exhibit several discrete behaviors (such as crawling, swimming and feeding) that are each relatively simple. Importantly, these behaviors can all be studied – at least at a basal level – in the isolated nervous system. The leech nervous system is particularly amenable to such studies...

... system such as vertebrates and insects, but much less is known for animals with a simple nervous system like Cnidaria. As cnidarians arose early in animal evolution, nervous systems might have first evolved within this group and the study of neurotransmission in cnidarians might reveal an ancient...

.... Because parasites and neuroscientists use different tactics to control behaviour, studying the methods used by parasites can provide novel insights into how nervous systems generate and regulate behaviour. Studying how parasites influence host behaviour will also help us integrate genomic, proteomic...

... for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 5 7 2007 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2007 2007 guanylyl cyclase molting ecdysteroid Crustacea Arthropoda Y-organ gene expression skeletal muscle nervous system digestive gland molt-inhibiting hormone crustacean hyperglycemic...

... The Company of Biologists Limited 2006 2006 shadow response electrophysiology muscle field potentials nervous system locomotion Ciona intestinalis Ascidians belong to the phylum Chordata, subphylum Urochordata, which is the sister group of vertebrates and thus possess many basal chordate...

... invertebrate echinoderm ophiuroid Amphiura filiformis Ophiopsila aranea Ophiopsila californica bioluminescence second messenger cAMP nervous system photocyte In order to investigate the putative involvement of phosphoinositides in the triggering of photogenesis, we tested U-73122...

... in the jellyfish Aglantha digitale . J. Exp. Biol. 135 , 329 -342. Beutler, R. ( 1924 ). Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Verdauung bei Hydra. Zeit. vergl. Physiol. 1 , 1 -56. Bone, Q. ( 1997 ). Nervous system, sense organs and excitable epithelia. In The Biology of Pelagic Tunicates (ed...

... troponin I. *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 14 5 2001 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2001 2001 Idotea emarginata nervous system motoneurone modulation actin myosin troponin I contraction caffeine. The penta-peptide proctolin...

...José E. García-Arrarás; Michelle Rojas-Soto; Luis B. Jiménez; Lucy Díaz-Miranda ABSTRACT Echinoderms are one of the most important groups of metazoans from the point of view of evolution, ecology and abundance. Nevertheless, their nervous system has been little studied. Particularly unexplored have...

... (e-mail: [email protected] ) 28 03 2000 23 05 2000 © 2000 by Company of Biologists 2000 Cnidaria jellyfish Aglantha digitale hydromedusan behaviour locomotion nervous system central circuitry syntaxin 1 postsynaptic potential nerve ring motor giant axon rootlet...

... within the ganglia and nerves of the stomatogastric nervous system. However, correlated with the species-specific action of the TRPs, we found efferent LomTK-LI nerve fibers supplying muscle fibers in the foregut of P. americana , but not in L. maderae . In both cockroach species, there is a rich supply...

... of these results. * e-mail: [email protected] 27 10 1997 22 12 1997 © 1998 by Company of Biologists 1998 Asplanchna sieboldi rotifer behaviour mechanosensory cells neuroethology nervous system sensory physiology Asplanchna sieboldi is a giant rotifer...

... for correspondence 19 06 1996 ©The Company of Biologists Limited 1996 insect nervous system common inhibitor degeneration muscle fibre types GABA histochemistry locust Locusta migratoria Photoinactivation has become a widely used technique for eliminating individual neurones...

... tentacle contraction nervous system nerve ring giant axon intracellular recording action potential relay system carrier system pacemaker central circuitry This is the second of two papers describing the interactions of neurones running in the nerve rings of a rhopalonematid medusa...

... in the nervous system, but no functions can be assigned to them. There is no obvious counterpart to the relay system in medusae lacking escape circuitry. 09 06 1995 © The Company of Biologists Limited 1995 Cnidaria jellyfish hydromedusan behaviour escape swimming nervous system nerve...