... behaviour during diagonal-style cross-country roller skiing at three speed and incline conditions to examine whether skiers can exploit energy-saving mechanisms of the muscle–tendon unit. We assessed lower leg muscle and muscle–tendon unit mechanics and muscle activity in 13 high-level skiers during...

... and their power output should be consistent with known muscle properties if the total duration of muscle activity is known. Using the Cuban tree frog, Osteopilus septentrionalis , I measured jumping performance from kinematics and used EMG measurements of three major jumping muscles to determine the duration...

... production. The force-rate cost could contribute substantially to the overall cost of movements that require cyclic muscle activation, such as locomotion. The effects of knee torque T knee on muscle fascicle length change Δ L fas and pennation angle change Δφ, as well as the effect of SEE force F...

... in amphibian ( Gordon et al., 1966 ) and mammalian muscles ( Edman, 2005 ). Skeletal muscle myofibril Sarcomere length instability Sarcomere length dispersion Muscle activation Residual force enhancement Summary: Sarcomere lengths are more stable in the force-enhanced than the isometric...

... joint velocity calculated using the slack test method increased whereas V F decreased with muscle activation level ( P ≤0.03). Passive and low-level quick releases elicited higher V F values (≥41.8±10.7 cm s −1 ) compared with the ballistic condition (36.3±8.7 cm s −1 ), while quick releases applied...

... within muscle sarcomeres, is activated upon Ca 2+ influx in skeletal muscle. Titin Connectin Muscle activation Muscular dystrophy with myositis ( mdm ) Elastic recoil Muscle stiffness increases ∼3-fold from the passive state to maximum isometric force ( Campbell and Moss, 2002 ). When...

...Sina David; Johannes Funken; Wolfgang Potthast; Alexander Blanke ABSTRACT Insects show a great variety of mouthpart and muscle configurations; however, knowledge of their mouthpart kinematics and muscle activation patterns is fragmentary. Understanding the role of muscle groups during movement...

... level versus incline hopping in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) . J. Exp. Biol. 210 , 1255 - 1265 . 10.1242/jeb.02742 McGuigan , M. P. and Wilson , A. M. ( 2003 ). The effect of gait and digital flexor muscle activation on limb compliance in the forelimb of the horse Equus...

... of the sandfish during walking, burial and swimming, here we use high-speed X-ray and visible light imaging with synchronized electromyogram (EMG) recordings of epaxial muscle activity. While moving on the surface, body undulation was not observed and EMG showed no muscle activation. During subsurface sand...

... ) 29 3 2005 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2005 2005 muscle activation strain swimming lamnid Isurus Fig. 8. Patterns of red (red traces) and white (gray trace) muscle strain at 0.6 L during active swimming, illustrating variation in amplitude and phase of strain...

... of the fish. This study was then extended to include a different species of salmonid, brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis , to explore the generality of TnT modulation of muscle activation. Muscle contractile properties were determined from anterior and posterior muscle, and relative expression of S1 and S2...

..., to ±4.8% in the posterior body position. Strain was in-phase with local midline curvature. In addition, strain amplitude calculated from a bending beam model closely matched strain measured using sonomicrometry at all three body positions. There is a high degree of similarity in red muscle activation...

...Boris I. Prilutsky; Robert J. Gregor SUMMARY There has been no consistent explanation as to why humans prefer changing their gait from walking to running and from running to walking at increasing and decreasing speeds, respectively. This study examined muscle activation as a possible determinant...

... (for a review, see Shadwick et al., 1998 ). Apparent differences in the rates at which the waves of muscle activation and body bending travel posteriorly have led to the suggestion, in many cases, that anteriorly and posteriorly located muscle must operate under different combinations of strain and stimulation...