... a phylogenetically primitive and conserved triplet motor pattern consisting of: triplet I (balancing side: superficial masseter and medial pterygoid; working side: posterior temporalis), which reaches onset, peak and offset first; and triplet II (working side: superficial masseter and medial pterygoid; balancing...

...Benjamin M. Perlman; Miriam A. Ashley-Ross ABSTRACT Aquatic C -start escape responses in teleost fishes are driven by a well-studied network of reticulospinal neurons that produce a motor pattern of simultaneous contraction of axial muscle on the side of the body opposite the threatening stimulus...

...Alexandra M. Yarger; Wolfgang Stein ABSTRACT The mechanisms of rhythmic motor pattern generation have been studied in detail in vitro , but the long-term stability and sources of variability in vivo are often not well described. The crab stomatogastric ganglion contains the well-characterized...

... © 2010. 2010 Manduca sexta motor pattern kinematics insect locomotion In contrast with animals having hard skeletons, soft-bodied creatures are deformable, can perform precise movements in almost limitless orientations and can thereby access resources that are otherwise difficult...

... periodically with bursts of spikes in return stroke motor neurons. In preparations of the isolated crayfish central nervous system(CNS), the temporal structures of motor patterns expressed in the active state are similar to those expressed by the intact animal. These transitions can occur spontaneously...

...-mail: [email protected] ) 15 9 2008 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2008 2008 behavioral integration kinematics motor pattern Functional morphologists studying locomotion, feeding, respiration and other behaviors recognize a number of sources of variation in the movements...

... but none of the individual motor spikes appeared to be synchronous on the two sides. e-mail: [email protected] 30 7 2007 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2007 2007 kinematics muscle motor pattern Leafhopper insects (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadellidae) power...

.... This jumping performance required an energy output of 77 μJ, a power output of 28 mW and exerted a force of 19 mN, or 100 times its body mass. e-mail: [email protected] 26 7 2007 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2007 2007 locomotion kinematics motor pattern muscle...

... around the V-shaped rim in the ventral tibia about 400 μm from the joint pivot( Fig. 2B-D ). * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 6 1 2002 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2003 2003 kinematics joint mechanics locomotion motor neuron motor pattern...

... velocities as high as 48° per ms. The short time available to accelerate the body indicates that the movements are not powered by direct muscle contractions and that there must be storage of elastic energy in advance. The motor patterns responsible for generating the necessary forces in the hind legs...

...Kenji Mizutani; Hiroto Ogawa; Junichi Saito; Kotaro Oka SUMMARY We investigated the function of octopamine (OA) as a motor pattern inducer in the earthworm Eisenia fetida . We used semi-intact preparations, consisting of 20 sequential segmental ganglia of the ventral nerve cord (VNC) together...

... than 200° ms –1 . The high velocities and the associated power are generated by a preceding storage of energy and its sudden release produced by a specific motor pattern and specialisations of the femoro-tibial joints. To understand the dynamics of these rapid movements and the interrelations between...

...-rhythmic ‘lashing’ motor pattern either spontaneously or in response to dimming of the experimental bath illumination. Bath-applied NO donors triggered a qualitatively similar motor pattern in which non-rhythmic motor bursts were generated contra- and ipsilaterally down the length of the body. The inactive...

... 2000 01 02 2001 © 2001 by Company of Biologists 2001 locust Schistocerca gregaria righting behaviour thanatosis escape motor pattern struggling video analysis computer model muscle activity legged robot When terrestrial animals that use their legs for support...

... the distinctness of drum pharyngeal processing behaviors. Discriminant functions built of EMG timing variables were more accurate than muscle activity intensity at identifying cycles by prey type and species. Both drum species demonstrated the ability to modulate pharyngeal motor patterns in response to prey...

...Bruce C. Jayne; Matthew W. Daggy ABSTRACT Although lateral axial bending is widespread for the locomotion of ectothermic vertebrates, the axial motor patterns of terrestrial taxa are known only for a limited number of species and behaviors. Furthermore, the extent to which the trunk and tail...

... plasticity ontogeny behaviour motor skill learning environmental complexity motor pattern squid Loligo opalescens The control of complex types of behavior by the central nervous system involves recruiting an appropriate set of motoneurons with a firing pattern that depends on the underlying...

...Hanno Fischer; Wolfram Kutsch ABSTRACT Despite detailed knowledge of the sensory–motor interactions during elevator muscle timing for the generation of a ‘functional’ flight motor pattern in flying locusts, there is little information about how a possible shift in the onset of elevator activity...

... muscles by physical subdivision of pre-existing muscles. As a result, the number of adductor mandibulae muscles in different taxa varies from as few as two to as many as eight. We used electromyography (EMG) to quantify motor-pattern variation of adductor mandibulae muscles in four tetraodontiform species...

... Schistocerca gregaria , we investigated the consequences of tegula ablation on free flight parameters including motor patterns (wingbeat frequency and the relationship between the activation of flight muscle antagonists), free flight speed and aerodynamic output. We investigated the role of the tegula pairs...