...Glen A. Lichtwark; Luke N. Jessup; Ryan N. Konno; Cristian D. Riveros-Matthey; Taylor J. M. Dick ABSTRACT In this Review, we explore the state of the art of biomechanical models for estimating energy consumption during terrestrial locomotion. We consider different mechanical models that provide...

..., we adapted dynamic scaling, borrowed from engineering, to determine settling velocity. Dynamic scaling leverages physical models with relevant dimensionless numbers matched to achieve similar dynamics to the original object. Previous studies have used flumes, wind tunnels or towed models to examine...

... to the horizon. Based on the responses obtained with male and female hoverflies, an improved model was then developed in which the output signals delivered by the neck proprioceptor organs are combined with the visual error in the estimated position of the body roll. An internal estimation of the body roll angle...

...Matthew C. O'Neill; Leng-Feng Lee; Susan G. Larson; Brigitte Demes; Jack T. Stern, Jr; Brian R. Umberger SUMMARY Musculoskeletal models have become important tools for studying a range of muscle-driven movements. However, most work has been in modern humans, with few applications in other species...

.... After a long history of modelling, recent work with O 2 -sensitive optodes has tested the models and extended our understanding of physical gill function. Models predict that compressible gas gills can extend dives up to more than eightfold, but this is never reached, because the animals surface long...

... to the CF joint that this was a justifiable simplification of the model that greatly reduced the mathematical complexity. However, the COM is not actually located there, so that the COM can be out of the line of the thrust vector and lead to torques that produce tumbling. By altering its body pitch prior...

... behaviors but this hypothesis was not testable with current technology. We built a neuromechanical model to test this and to gain a better understanding of the role of the semi-lunar process (SLP) in jump dynamics. The jumping and kicking behaviors of the model were tested by comparing them with a variety...

...Thelma L. Williams SUMMARY A model is developed to predict the force generated by active skeletal muscle when subjected to imposed patterns of lengthening and shortening, such as those that occur during normal movements. The model is based on data from isolated lamprey muscle and can predict...

[email protected] ) 9 8 2007 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2007 2007 backscattering model sighting distance transmittance The open sea is devoid of shelter, making vision an important sense for both predation and predator avoidance( Hamner, 1996 ; McFall-Ngai, 1990...

... and measured vertical ground reaction forces on the individual limbs of seven Warmblood dressage horses, trotting at 3.4 m s –1 and walking at 1.6 m s –1 on a treadmill. First, using a segmental model, we calculated from kinematics the total ground reaction force vector and its moment arm relative to each...

... speed. This study shows that this approach can lead to erroneous results, due to spurious correlations. An alternative way to analyze air speed is proposed that overcomes the problems of one-dimensional linear models. The new model is non-linear and has two explanatory variables. Using two synthetic...

... a cyclical movement (such as locomotion)and the length change of the whole muscle tendon unit (MTU) can also be varied. Architecturally, muscles have a range of fibre lengths, maximum force-producing capabilities and stiffness of the series elastic element(SEE). In the present work we use a model to explore...

... power output and efficiency of muscle by developing a model to predict the power output and efficiency of muscles under varying activation conditions during cyclical length changes. A comparison to experimental data from two different muscle types suggests that the model can effectively predict the time...

... understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying this behaviour. What are the proximate mechanisms that trigger the 'decisions' to submerge and return to the surface? The present study proposes a model intended to address this question, based on fundamental concepts of cardiorespiratory control. Two...

... ) 16 9 2002 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2002 2002 tufted duck Aythya fuligula diving oxygen uptake optimal foraging model `Central place forager' is a term used to describe the behaviour of a foraging animal that repeatedly returns to the same place with food...

...James R. Usherwood; Charles P. Ellington SUMMARY Recent work on flapping hawkmoth models has demonstrated the importance of a spiral `leading-edge vortex' created by dynamic stall, and maintained by some aspect of spanwise flow, for creating the lift required during flight. This study uses...

...Sanjay P. Sane; Michael H. Dickinson SUMMARY We used a dynamically scaled model insect to measure the rotational forces produced by a flapping insect wing. A steadily translating wing was rotated at a range of constant angular velocities, and the resulting aerodynamic forces were measured using...

...; means ± S.D.). A multiple linear regression model was developed to predict normalized thermistor response, Δ T , across a range of conditions. Significant model variables were identified using a backward stepwise regression procedure. The relationships for the in situ muscles were qualitatively similar...

...Kenneth N. Prestwich; Kristy M. Lenihan; Deborah M. Martin ABSTRACT The subalar–tegminal resonance/auditory feedback hypothesis attempts to explain how crickets control the carrier frequency ( f C ), the loudness and the spectral purity of their calls. This model contrasts with the ‘clockwork...

... regular and that their interactions are driven by their chemical and morphological properties. In particular, a model based on liquid crystal structures has more than morphological implications. * e-mail: [email protected] 19 08 1999 16 11 1999 © 1999 by Company...