... with body miniaturization. Jumps are routinely executed as the flight initiation mechanism of several parasitoid wasps ( Burrows and Dorosenko, 2017 ), including the Anagyrus pseudococci species ( Fig. 1 ) studied here. Once in the air, air resistance may be negligible in larger animals, and the jump...

... of the hyper-diverse orders show extreme miniaturization of their body size. The reduced body size, however, imposes steep constraints on flight ability, as their wings must flap faster to generate sufficient forces to stay aloft. Here, we discuss the various physiological and biomechanical adaptations...