.... Maternal effects Maternal hormones Maternal investment Trade-offs Birds Academy of Finland http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002341 286278 Ella ja Georg Ehrnroothin Säätiö http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003502 Rijksuniversiteit Groningen http://dx.doi.org/10.13039...

... predators. Acoustic communication Ambient noise Baleen whales Australia Maternal investment Many baleen whale species are capital breeders that undertake long-distance annual migrations between high-latitude feeding grounds in summer and low-latitude breeding grounds in winter ( Lockyer...

... selection Doubly labelled water Food consumption Maternal investment Milk energy output Thermal conductance The rate at which animals acquire and use energy is an important factor affecting many aspects of animal performance, including reproductive output and thermoregulatory capabilities (e.g...

.... Oxidative damage Antioxidant capacity Maternal investment Sex bias TBARS 8-OHdG Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a normal by-product of aerobic cellular metabolism, but oxidative damage to important biomolecules (including DNA) has been linked to pathological processes, reproduction and aging...

... 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2014 Energetics Enhydra lutris Maternal investment Ontogeny Oxygen consumption Across mammalian species, the most energetically taxing life-history period for females is lactation, which can require as much as three to four times...

..., A-1180 Vienna, Austria 4 4 2010 © 2010. 2010 sustained metabolic rate maternal investment reproduction lactation heat dissipation limit Lepus europaeus metabolisable energy intake milk production Mammals frequently encounter upper limits to sustained energy turnover...

... are susceptible to desiccation. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: coby_schal@ncsu.edu ) 1 12 2007 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2008 2008 cuticular hydrocarbons maternal investment waterproofing communication cockroach Blattella germanica Maternal investment...