... how its underlying mechanisms change both across an individual's lifespan (e.g. through learning) and across generations. This, in turn, suggests that there are scales, ranging from proximal to ultimate and from static (i.e. instantaneous) to dynamic (anything from second-by-second through to epoch...

... to exhibit age-related decreases in aversive memory. Appetitive memory likewise decreases, beginning in the first 2–3 weeks of adult life. Ageing Reward Learning Drosophila melanogaster Sex difference Leibniz-Institut für Neurobiologie Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http...

...Lauren A. Stanton; Eli S. Bridge; Joost Huizinga; Sarah Benson-Amram ABSTRACT Cognitive abilities, such as learning and flexibility, are hypothesized to aid behavioral adaptation to urbanization. Although growing evidence suggests that cognition may indeed facilitate persistence in urban...

... led by the robot were significantly more successful at finding their way home than those we carried to the new nest that had no opportunity to learn landmarks. The robot was programmed to take either a straight or a sinusoidal path to the new nest. However, we found no significant difference...

... learning and memory after a differential conditioning paradigm that combines appetitive and aversive training trials. First, we used an aversive conditioning paradigm that constitutes a clear opposite of the well-known appetitive olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension response. A neutral odour...

... , Audesirk , T. E. and Audesirk , G. J. ( 1984 ). One-trial reward learning in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis . J. Neurobiol. 15 , 67 - 72 . 10.1002/neu.480150107 American Psychiatric Association . ( 2013 ). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-V . Available...

...Elisabeth Adam; Bill S. Hansson; Markus Knaden ABSTRACT Insect pollinators, such as the tobacco hawkmoth Manduca sexta , are known for locating flowers and learning floral odors by using their antennae. A recent study revealed, however, that the tobacco hawkmoth additionally possesses olfactory...

... biologically relevant levels of humidity similar to those shown by flowering plants. Bumblebees showed a spontaneous preference for flowers that produced higher floral humidity. Furthermore, learning experiments showed that bumblebees are able to use differences in floral humidity to distinguish between...

... analysis of fly behavioral responses shows they can precisely reproduce seconds-range time intervals. Interval timing Learning Temporal conditioning Information of time in the environment is crucial to optimize physiology and behavior of organisms from amoebae to humans ( Buhusi and Meck...

... to learn the shape of a trained target. Further, when the shape and color of a target that they had been trained to identify were placed in conflict, N. oerstedii tended to choose the target of the trained shape over the target of the trained color. Thus, we conclude that the shape of the target was more...

... activity and learning. While caffeine potentiates responses of mushroom body neurons involved in honeybee learning processes, arginine acts as precursor of nitric oxide, enhancing the protein synthesis involved in memory formation. Despite existing evidence on how these compounds affect honeybee cognitive...

...Shione Okada; Natsumi Hirano; Toshiki Abe; Toshiki Nagayama ABSTRACT Aversive learning was applied to affect the phototactic behaviour of the marbled crayfish. Animals initially showed negative phototaxis to white light and positive taxis to blue light. Using an aversive learning paradigm, we...

... their proboscis from the feeder edge to its center repeatedly until they locate the nectary opening. Moreover, naive moths rapidly learn to exploit these flowers, and they adopt a tactile search strategy to more directly locate the nectary opening in as few as three to five consecutive visits. Our results...

... Treuren and Dodd, 2020 ; Visconti et al., 2019 ). In addition, the microbiome has been implicated, across different animals including humans, as a modulator of complex behavioral traits such as learning and memory, aspects of social behavior and mood ( Vuong et al., 2017 ). However, the evidence...

... the underlying cognitive and non-cognitive mechanisms through a battery of experimental tests designed to measure associative learning, exploration, shyness and activity levels. We found that solitary bees can innovate, with 11 of 29 individuals (38%) being able to solve a new task consisting of lifting a lid...

... of learning generalization from previous similar stimuli, a cognitive ability that may concur in providing adaptive advantages to this invasive species. * Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) Competing interests The authors declare no competing or financial interests. 29 4...

... Office covering the application of FAE-20 for improving learning and memory. 25 2 2020 23 6 2020 © 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2020 http://www.biologists.com/user-licence-1-1/ Summary: Plant medicine can be useful, but also bears risks. Here, three...

... improvement in time to reach the escape hole or the number of wrong turns over the 4 day experimental period. Damaraland male and female dispersers employ different dispersal strategies, and this is evident in their approach to the learning task. Females are less motivated to complete the task, leading...

... proboscis response to that odor prior to any sucrose stimulation ( Grosso et al., 2018 ). We wanted to understand the differences in the olfactory capabilities across our experiential treatments, and thus chose to test these animals on an olfactory learning task that is typically more difficult for bees...

...) differential conditioning demonstrated no significant learning of this task, and limited discrimination above the subitizing range. In contrast, bees trained using appetitive–aversive (reward–aversion) differential conditioning demonstrated significant learning and subsequent discrimination of all tested...