... influences workload placed on more proximal leg muscles, trailing leg mechanical output and step length. Joint work Push-off Walking Metabolic cost Inverse dynamics Extensor muscles spanning the ankle (i.e. plantarflexors) are a critical functional component of the human musculoskeletal...

... a wide range of heights. The kangaroo rats in this study reached maximal jump heights up to ∼9-times hip height. Net joint work increased significantly with jump height at the hip, knee and ankle, and decreased significantly at the metatarsal–phalangeal joint. The increase in net work generated by each...

..., high positive work is nevertheless done at the knee, indicating that modulation of joint work is not only dependent on the amount of work required but also the locomotor context. * Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) Competing interests The authors declare no competing or financial...

... versus 3DOF+Foot work versus 6DOF+Foot work, and for 3DOF versus 6DOF joint work were performed using repeated measures analysis of variance with Holm–Sidak correction and a significance level of 0.05. Primary analysis was performed for a nominal gait speed of 1.4 m s −1 . In summary, while...

... joint work done at the ankle ( Fig. 4 ). Positive ankle work decreased by 0.413 J kg −1 (22%) while negative ankle work decreased by 0.147 J kg −1 (18%; P =0.0001 and P =0.0008, respectively). Positive and negative joint work for the knee and hip were not statistically different between the two...

... by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2013 energetics joint work kinematics uneven terrain Humans and other animals navigate complex terrain in their everyday lives. From uneven sidewalks to natural trails, humans often encounter surfaces that are not smooth. Energetic cost for locomotion increases...

..., mechanical energy was generated at the hip, knee and ankle, and the net work at each of these joints increased dramatically with speed ( P <0.05). The greatest increases in positive joint work occurred at the hip and ankle. During downhill running, mechanical energy was decreased in two main ways: goats...

... of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (e-mail: [email protected] ) 22 11 2006 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2007 2007 running locomotion biomechanics motor control joint work joint moment inverse dynamics We know surprisingly little about how legged animals move...