... localisation in land vertebrates . Curr. Biol. 19 , R635 - R639 . 10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.035 Köppl , C. ( 2019 ). Internally coupled middle ears enhance the range of interaural time differences heard by the chicken . J. Exp. Biol. 222 , jeb199232 . 10.1242/jeb.199232 Köppl...

... are freshwater turtles with small heads and isolated middle ears. To determine if these turtles were sensitive to interaural time differences (ITDs), we investigated the connections and physiology of their auditory brainstem nuclei. Tract tracing experiments showed that cranial nerve VIII bifurcated to terminate...

... indicate that the minimum resolvable interaural time difference in these animals is an order of magnitude larger than the maximum value available to crickets ( Rheinlaender and Mörchen, 1979 ; von Helversen and Rheinlaender, 1988 ). Response decrements, whether to continued or repeated stimulation...