...Federico Formenti; Graham N. Askew; Alberto E. Minetti ABSTRACT Humans have developed tools and strategies to improve locomotion performance and safety throughout history. In particular, unusual environmental conditions and danger have pushed the limits of imagination and initiative, laying...

... & Computers and Information in Engineering Conference . August 28-31 , Washington, DC , USA . Ackerman , J. and Seipel , J. ( 2014 ). A model of human walking energetics with an elastically-suspended load . J. Biomech.   47 , 1922 - 1927 . 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.03.016 Bastien...

.../muscle groups (central mechanical flexibility) and/or by altering the function of individual joints/muscle groups (local mechanical flexibility). In human locomotion research, central mechanical flexibility is well established and regularly reported. Local mechanical flexibility at major lower extremity...

...Nora S. Newcombe; Basil el Jundi; Almut Kelber; Barbara Webb ABSTRACT As babies rapidly acquire motor skills that give them increasingly independent and wide-ranging access to the environment over the first two years of human life, they decrease their reliance on habit systems for spatial...

.... myosin V) or the strain-sensing myosins (e.g. myosin 1c). In contrast, most muscle myosins spend 80% of their ATPase cycle detached from actin. Within the myosin IIs found in human muscle, there are 11 different sarcomeric myosin isoforms, two smooth muscle isoforms as well as three non-muscle isoforms...

...Naomichi Ogihara; Takaaki Oku; Emanuel Andrada; Reinhard Blickhan; John A. Nyakatura; Martin S. Fischer In human bipedal walking, temporal changes in the elevation angle of the thigh, shank and foot segments covary to form a regular loop within a single plane in three-dimensional space...

...Veerle Segers; Kristof De Smet; Ine Van Caekenberghe; Peter Aerts; Dirk De Clercq SUMMARY The purpose of the present study was to describe the biomechanics of spontaneous walk-to-run transitions (WRTs) in humans. After minimal instructions, 17 physically active subjects performed WRTs...

...Laurent Dormont; Jean-Marie Bessière; Doyle McKey; Anna Cohuet SUMMARY Odours emitted by human skin are of great interest to biologists in many fields, with practical applications in forensics, health diagnostic tools and the ecology of blood-sucking insect vectors of human disease. Convenient...

...Frank E. Nelson; Justus D. Ortega; Sharon A. Jubrias; Kevin E. Conley; Martin J. Kushmerick Summary Can human muscle be highly efficient in vivo ? Animal muscles typically show contraction-coupling efficiencies <50% in vitro but a recent study reports that the human first dorsal interosseous...

...Gregory S. Sawicki; Daniel P. Ferris SUMMARY We examined the metabolic cost of plantar flexor muscle–tendon mechanical work during human walking. Nine healthy subjects walked at constant step frequency on a motorized treadmill at speeds corresponding to 80% (1.00 m s –1 ), 100% (1.25 m s –1 ), 120...

...Gregory S. Sawicki; Daniel P. Ferris SUMMARY We examined healthy human subjects wearing robotic ankle exoskeletons to study the metabolic cost of ankle muscle–tendon work during uphill walking. The exoskeletons were powered by artificial pneumatic muscles and controlled by the user's soleus...

..., thoroughbred horses and elite human athletes. In each case, an absolute speed limit is definable, and the current record approaches that predicted maximum. While all such extrapolations must be used cautiously, these data suggest that there are limits to the ability of either natural or artificial selection...

...Gregory S. Sawicki; Daniel P. Ferris SUMMARY Robotic lower limb exoskeletons that can alter joint mechanical power output are novel tools for studying the relationship between the mechanics and energetics of human locomotion. We built pneumatically powered ankle exoskeletons controlled...

... for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 29 1 2008 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2008 2008 biomechanics locomotion ground reaction force inertia gravity weight mass human During long-term space flight, astronauts experience losses in bone mineral density...

...{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(|{\vec{L}}(t)|{\approx}0\) \end{document} ], and therefore horizontal ground reaction forces and the center of pressure trajectory can be explained predominantly through an analysis that assumes zero net moment about the body's CM. Using a 16-segment human...

...Jonas Rubenson; Denham B. Heliams; Shane K. Maloney; Philip C. Withers; David G. Lloyd; Paul A. Fournier SUMMARY The alleged high net energy cost of running and low net energy cost of walking in humans have played an important role in the interpretation of the evolution of human bipedalism...

...Daniel E. Lieberman; David A. Raichlen; Herman Pontzer; Dennis M. Bramble; Elizabeth Cutright-Smith SUMMARY The human gluteus maximus is a distinctive muscle in terms of size, anatomy and function compared to apes and other non-human primates. Here we employ electromyographic and kinematic analyses...

...Anne K. Gutmann; Brian Jacobi; Michael T. Butcher; John E. A. Bertram SUMMARY Walking humans spontaneously select different speed, frequency and step length combinations, depending on which of these three parameters is specified. This behavior can be explained by constrained optimization of cost...

... of the tendon vary the energy storing capacity of this structure. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 25 10 2005 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2005 2005 elasticity biomechanics stress strain elastic modulus human Muscles attach to the skeleton...

...Kiros Karamanidis; Adamantios Arampatzis SUMMARY The objectives of this work were (i) to investigate whether chronic endurance running is a sufficient stimulus to counteract the age-related changes in the mechanical and morphological properties of human triceps surae(TS) and quadriceps femoris (QF...