...-licence-1-1/ Summary: Mosquitoes employ an auxiliary heart, located underneath the thoracic scutellum, to systematically propel hemolymph (insect blood) throughout the veins of the wings. Dorsal vessel Culicidae Hemocoel Vein Auxiliary heart Diptera Many insects rely...

... located in the head, each of which propels hemolymph across an antenna via an antennal vessel. Once at the distal end of the appendage, hemolymph returns to the head via the antennal hemocoel. Although the structure of the antennal hearts has been elucidated in various insect orders, their hormonal...

... Andereck   J. W. , King   J. G. , Hillyer   J. F. ( 2010 ). Contraction of the ventral abdomen potentiates extracardiac retrograde hemolymph propulsion in the mosquito hemocoel . PLoS ONE   5 , e12943 . Babcock   D. T. , Brock   A. R. , Fish   G. S. , Wang   Y. , Perrin   L...

... and intravital imaging, we show that each antennal APO propels hemolymph into the antenna through an antennal vessel that traverses the length of the appendage and has an effective diameter of 1–2 μm. When hemolymph reaches the end of the appendage, it is discharged into the antennal hemocoel and returns...