... that elicits the same steady state organismal temperature as a given microclimate, after accounting for all sensible routes of heat transfer ( Bakken et al., 1985 ). This allows physiological functions that are dependent on the temperature of the organism to be related over a variety of atmospheric conditions...

.... the distribution of radiation from a point source over the pit membrane, for each species. We then used optical physics, heat transfer physics and computational image processing to define the thermal image formed on the pit membrane for each species. Our computed pit membrane images are consistent with behavioral...

... of lactation in rodents and ruminants . Horm. Metab. Res. 34 , 678 - 685 . Ward S. , Rayner J. M. , Möller U. , Jackson D. M. , Nachtigall W. , Speakman J. R. ( 1999 ). Heat transfer from starlings Sturnus vulgaris during flight . J. Exp. Biol. 202 , 1589 - 1602...

... a detailed optical and heat transfer analysis, which includes heat transfer through the air in the pit chambers as well as via thermal infrared radiation. We find the image on the membrane to be poorly focused and of very low temperature contrast. Heat flow through the air in the pit chambers severely limits...

... of flight in a wind tunnel by four European starlings Sturnus vulgaris made using three independent techniques: heat transfer modelling, doubly labelled water (DLW)and mask respirometry. We based our heat transfer model on thermal images of the surface temperature of the birds and air flow past the body...

... by long pauses. Heat transfer to the brood from individual bees on the comb surface and from bees inside empty cells was simulated under controlled conditions. Heating on the comb surface causes a strong superficial warming of the brood cap by up to 3°C within 30 min. Heat transfer is 1.9–2.6 times more...

...Craig E. Franklin; Frank Seebacher SUMMARY The effect of heating and cooling on heart rate in the estuarine crocodile Crocodylus porosus was studied in response to different heat transfer mechanisms and heat loads. Three heating treatments were investigated. C. porosus were: (1) exposed...

... these animals to be active for longer periods and over a wider range of habitats( Bartholomew, 1977 ; Heinrich, 1977 ; Crompton et al., 1978 ; Avery, 1979 ; Block et al., 1993 ; Somero et al., 1996 ). thermoregulation heat transfer heterothermy metabolic heat production body temperature round...

... at a wind speed of 1.0 m s −1 and no irradiance to 35.6 °C at a wind speed of 0.50 m s −1 with 950 W m −2 short-wave irradiance. In addition, several unusual findings resulted from this study. The coat of S. tereticaudus is very sparse, and the observed heat transfer of 5.68±0.37 W m −2 °C −1 (mean ± S.E.M...

... digital thermocouple thermometer. References Aschoff , J. and Pohl , H. ( 1970 ). Rhythmic variations in energy metabolism . Fedn Proc . 29 , 1541 – 1552 . Bakken , G. S. ( 1976 ). A heat transfer analysis of animals: unifying concepts and the application...

.... Seebacher, unpublished data). * e-mail: [email protected] 20 10 1998 07 12 1998 © 1999 by Company of Biologists 1999 crocodile Crocodylus porosus body temperature operative temperature heat transfer mathematical prediction behaviour dinosaurs...

... ) h S heat transfer coefficient for transfer to the water (W °C −1 m −2 ) h Sf heat transfer coefficient for forced convection (W °C −1 m −2 ) k thermal conductivity of the porous skin/water interface (W °C −1 m −1 ) k B blubber conductivity (W °C −1 m −1 ) k H hair...