...Duane P. Harland; James A. Vernon; Joy L. Woods; Shinobu Nagase; Takashi Itou; Kenzo Koike; David A. Scobie; Anita J. Grosvenor; Jolon M. Dyer; Stefan Clerens ABSTRACT Hair curvature underpins structural diversity and function in mammalian coats, but what causes curl in keratin hair fibres...

... the surface. In addition, the insect can stand on water bodies without its legs penetrating the water surface. The legs and wings of this insect possess thousands of tiny hairs with intricate surface topographies comprising a series of ridges running longitudinally along the long axis of the hair fibre. Here...

... and hair strand diameter of the fur coats of animals, and the existence of optimal organ sizes. Body size and configuration are intrinsic parts of the deduced configuration. They are results, not assumptions. The constructal law extends physics(thermodynamics) to cover the configuration, performance...