... tachypnea in heat) and heat loss index (cutaneous vasomotion) in 1 week old chicken exposed to neutral (31°C), cold (26°C) and hot (36°C) conditions. Intra-medullary raphe antagonism of NMDA glutamate (AP5; 0.5, 5 mmol l −1 ) and GABA A (bicuculline; 0.05, 0.5 mmol l −1 ) receptors reduced T b of chicks...

... barrages of low-amplitude discharges (chirps). Previous studies in Gymnotiformes have shown that electric signal diversity is based on the segregation of descending synaptic inputs to pacemaker or relay cells and differential activation of the neurotransmitter receptors –for glutamate or γ-aminobutyric...

... . Kanai   Y. , Hediger   M. A. ( 2004 ). The glutamate/neutral amino acid transporter family SLC1: molecular, physiological and pharmacological aspects . Pflugers Arch.   447 , 469 - 479 . Kim   H. , Rogers   M. J. , Richmond   J. E. , McIntire   S. L. ( 2004 ). SNF-6...

... chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS) analysis, immunocytochemistry and pharmacological manipulations, we tested the role of the diffusible amino acids glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and a short-lived diffusible gas, nitric oxide (NO), in triggering or modulating contractions in Ephydatia muelleri...

...L. A. Sanderson; P. A. Wright; J. W. Robinson; J. S. Ballantyne; N. J. Bernier SUMMARY Glutamine synthetase (GSase), the enzyme that catalyses the conversion of glutamate and ammonia to glutamine, is present at high levels in vertebrate brain tissue and is thought to protect the brain from elevated...

... agonists tested, only l -glutamate invoked syzygial destabilisation, as did its analogues l -aspartate, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) and kainate, but not l -(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate ( l -AP4) or N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA). The implication that l -glutamate stimulates...

..., it was non-ureotelic and non-ureoosmotic, acting mainly as an osmoconformer with its plasma osmolality, [Na + ] and [Cl − ] comparable to those of the external medium. There were significant increases in the content of several free amino acids (FAAs), including glutamate, glutamine and glycine, in muscle...

.... The heartbeat was activated by application of glutamate, serotonin,dopamine, octopamine or acetylcholine, which were applied to the heart by perfusion into an organ bath. Joro-spider toxin (JSTX) blocked myocardial excitatory junctional potentials evoked by the cardiac ganglion. Neuronal cell bodies...

.... * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 12 3 2004 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2004 2004 anoxia hypoxia ischemia Carassius Hemiscyllium coral reef GABA glutamate Among vertebrates, those breathing water show the highest biodiversity...

... in the body of specimens exposed to air for 144 h. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 22 4 2003 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2003 2003 ammonia amino acid Monopterus albus glutamate glutamine glutamine synthetase swamp eel urea Ammonia...

...J. Turesson; L. Sundin SUMMARY Glutamate microinjected into the vagal sensory area in the medulla produces cardiorespiratory responses mimicking oxygen chemoreflexes in fish. Here we directly investigate whether these reflexes are dependent on the ionotropic N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate...

...L. Sundin; J. Turesson; E. W. Taylor SUMMARY Glutamate is a major neurotransmitter of chemoreceptor and baroreceptor afferent pathways in mammals and therefore plays a central role in the development of cardiorespiratory reflexes. In fish, the gills are the major sites of these receptors...

... nerve alone. The effects of candidate neurohormones on cardioarterial valves were examined by measuring the pressure in each artery at which haemolymph flows out of the heart through the valve. Serotonin, octopamine, norepinephrine, glutamate (Glu) and proctolin constricted the cardioarterial valves...

...Richard B. Gardiner; Kyrre Ullensvang; Niels C. Danbolt; Stanley Caveney; B. Cameron Donly SUMMARY Glutamate functions as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system(CNS) and neuromuscular junctions in insects. High-affinity glutamate transporters are responsible for keeping the resting levels...

... The Company of Biologists Limited 2002 2002 urea air-tolerant teleost amino acid glutamine glutamate alanine urea cycle enzyme gaseous NH 3 excretion mangrove killifish Rivulus marmoratus . Rivulus marmoratus , the mangrove killifish, is a small cyprinodont fish that can tolerate...

... extracts were analyzed for [ 13 C]glutamate isotopomers. This study shows that approximately 80 % of acetyl-coenzyme A entering the tricarboxylic cycle was derived from substrate infusion in both adult and old rats, and that the flux through anaplerotic pathways was approximately 21 % of the flux through...

... neurones send their axons onto the cardiac muscle, where they form axon terminals bearing varicosities. All the CG neurones and their processes exhibited glutamate-like immunoreactivity. The cardiac muscle showed depolarizing membrane potential responses to glutamate applied focally to sites close to axon...

... is consistent with their containing L-glutamate (L-Glu). Usually there is one nerve on each muscle containing 95 nm diameter electron-dense vesicles that are not organised into synapses. Such vesicles, whose appearance is consistent with their containing serotonin (5-HT), are never found co-localised...

... from the increased intracellular adenosine concentration caused by the breakdown of intracellular ATP. Increases in the levels of extracellular glutamate and GABA do not occur until 1–2 h after ATP depletion. This response is quite unlike that recorded for other vertebrates, anoxia-tolerant or anoxia...

... transport protein D2/NBAT (system b 0+ ) and the Na + -and K + -dependent neuronal and epithelial high-affinity glutamate transporter EAAC1 (system X − AG ). A detailed characterization of these proteins has provided new information on transport characteristics and mechanisms for coupling to different...