... them to other fields. References Alexander , R. M. ( 1989 ). Optimization and gaits in the locomotion of vertebrates . Physiol. Rev. 69 , 1199 - 1227 . 10.1152/physrev.1989.69.4.1199 Alexander , R. M. and Dimery , N. J. ( 1985 ). The significance of sesamoids...

... and kinematic gait characteristics. While such data have been widely collected across arboreal quadrupeds, no study has yet explored how arboreal substrates influence the locomotor behavior of birds. Parrots – an ancient arboreal lineage that exhibit numerous anatomical specializations towards life in the trees...

..., and from most energy expended to least energy expended. Only 7/15 participants had the same rankings for their preferences and perceived energy expenditure. Our results suggest that energy expenditure is not the only factor influencing a person's conscious gait choices. * Author for correspondence...

...Eric J. McElroy; Michael C. Granatosky ABSTRACT The difficulty of quantifying asymmetrical limb movements, compared with symmetrical gaits, has resulted in a dearth of information concerning the mechanics and adaptive benefits of these locomotor patterns. Further, no study has explored...

.... M. N. ( 1984 ). Elastic energy stores in running vertebrates . Am. Zool. 24 , 85 - 94 . 10.1093/icb/24.1.85 Alexander , R. M. N. ( 1989 ). Optimization and gaits in the locomotion of vertebrates . Physiol. Rev. 69 : 1199 - 1227 . 10.1152/physrev.1989.69.4.1199...

... ( Fujita et al., 2007 , 2008 ; Norberg, 1986 ), do not show an aerial period. The gait sequence was led by the beak's initial contact on the upper rung, followed by the first and second foot on the upper rung. The tail contacts the lower rung as the second foot releases the lower rung to reach...

...Olaf Ellers; Melody Khoriaty; Amy S. Johnson ABSTRACT Sea stars have slower crawling and faster bouncing gaits. Both speed and oscillation amplitude increase during the transition from crawling to oscillating. In the bouncy gait, oscillating vertical velocities precede oscillating horizontal...

... and kinematics; see Glossary). The scaling of effective mechanical advantage (EMA; Fig. 3 ) itself is a distortion of this similarity but helps us to understand how some dynamic similarity is maintained with increasing size even if limb orientations are not. The trot–gallop gait transition is often employed...

...Geoffrey T. Burns; Richard Gonzalez; Ronald F. Zernicke ABSTRACT Runners are commonly modeled as spring–mass systems, but the traditional calculations of these models rely on discrete observations during the gait cycle (e.g. maximal vertical force) and simplifying assumptions (e.g. leg length...

... empirical MOI were not reported. It was also unclear whether MOI affects gait energetics at slow speeds. Here, I show that a particular normalization of the pitch moment of inertia (the Murphy number) has opposite effects on walking and running energetics. During walking, simultaneous forelimb and hindlimb...

...Reinhard Blickhan; Emanuel Andrada; Eishi Hirasaki; Naomichi Ogihara ABSTRACT Across a wide range of Froude speeds, non-human primates such as macaques prefer to use grounded and aerial running when locomoting bipedally. Both gaits are characterized by bouncing kinetics of the center of mass...

... of the substrate on which they crawl and adjust their behavior to match those properties. Fig. 2. The likelihood of different gaits depends on the substrate and orientation. (A) On the stiff substrate, during horizontal crawling, the majority of crawls were progressive (p) but alternative gaits (np1–3...

... as shared commonalities with digitigrade and palmigrade walking of macaques. Locomotion Gait Evolution Ape Quadrupedal Chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas are unique among primates in their predominant use of knuckle-walking hand postures when terrestrial. Why, when and how many times...

...Peter C. Raffalt; Jenny A. Kent; Shane R. Wurdeman; Nick Stergiou ABSTRACT During locomotion, humans change gait mode between walking and running as locomotion speed is either increased or decreased. Dynamical systems theory predicts that the self-organization of coordinated motor behaviors...

... applied a novel, high-resolution bio-logging tag (ITAG) to seven veined squid, Loligo forbesii , in a controlled experimental environment to quantify their short-term (24 h) behavioral patterns. Tag accelerometer, magnetometer and pressure data were used to develop automated gait classification algorithms...

... – the remaining energy is, in a sense, wasted. The majority of this wasted energy is expended to support the bodyweight and redirect the center of mass during the stance phase of gait. An order of magnitude less energy is expended to brake and accelerate the swinging leg. Accordingly, most devices designed...

... Dieën , J. H. and Bruijn , S. M. ( 2016 ). Effects of constrained trunk movement on frontal plane gait kinematics . J. Biomech.   49 , 3085 - 3089 . 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.07.015 Arvin , M. , Hoozemans , M. J. M. , Pijnappels , M. , Duysens , J. , Verschueren , S...

...Andrew K. Yegian; Yanish Tucker; Stephen Gillinov; Daniel E. Lieberman ABSTRACT Stereotypically, walking and running gaits in humans exhibit different arm swing behavior: during walking, the arm is kept mostly straight, while during running, the arm is bent at the elbow. The mechanism...

... stiffness to preserve their center-of-mass mechanics. We did not estimate center-of-mass mechanics in this study; nevertheless, our estimates of hindlimb stiffness suggest that goats exhibit a different behavior. This study offers new insight into mechanisms that allow quadrupeds to modulate their gait...

... Leg work Gait Macaques trained to perform bipedally routinely use bipedal locomotion with ease ( Nakatsukasa et al., 2006 ). Regular training leads to adaptations to bipedal locomotion ( Hayama et al., 1992 ), such as human-like lumbar lordosis and more robust femora ( Nakatsukasa and Hayama...