... adaptively. Energy management Optimal body mass theory Food restriction Parus major Predation risk Winter ecology Andalusian Knowledge Agency European Union's Seventh Framework Program Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions 291780 Ministry of Economy...

... times can affect physiology and reproductive fitness, and can serve as a crucial ecological determinant of metabolism, reproduction and life-history traits in higher vertebrates. Food restriction Food abundance Metabolism Fitness Reproduction University Grants Commission http...

... investment strategy (a ‘restraint’). We exposed lactating mice to periods of food restriction, hypothesizing that if the limit reflected restraint, they would compensate by breaching the asymptote when refeeding. In contrast, if it was a constraint, they would by definition be unable to increase their intake...

... bacterial killing ability and leukocyte counts. Surprisingly, food restriction had little effect on the immune parameters, potentially owing to the ‘low-cost’ environment of captivity and suggesting that investment in innate immunity is prioritized and maintained whenever possible. LPS injections induced...

..., resting heart rate and TH levels in summer and winter. FMR, locomotor activity, resting heart rate and total T 3 concentrations decreased substantially in winter compared with summer, whereas total T 4 increased. Food restriction led to a reduced FMR and resting heart rate, while THs and locomotor...

.... Wild-caught birds were either ad libitum fed or energetically constrained via chronic food restriction during photoinduced reproductive development. Energy deficiency did not significantly affect the development of reproductive morphology, the baseline endocrine activity of the HPG axis, or the plasma...

... responses. In summer, ponies showed a considerably higher field metabolic rate (FMR; 63.4±15.0 MJ day –1 ) compared with food-restricted and control animals in winter (24.6±7.8 and 15.0±1.1 MJ day –1 , respectively). During summer, locomotor activity, resting heart rate and total water turnover were...

...) and the pro-oxidant protoporphyrin (brown). We hypothesized that experimentally food-restricted females with low antioxidant capacity would deposit more protoporphyrin and less biliverdin in their eggshells, resulting in eggshells of reduced brightness but increased colour intensity. Two eggs were collected...

... predation anuran larvae food restriction Evolutionary diversification in animals is often accompanied by a change in resource use ( Simpson, 1953 ; Schluter, 2000 ; Grant and Grant, 2008 ). For example, closely related, sympatric species typically differ in the prey on which they specialize...

... tested. We manipulated foraging costs per food reward in female Hsd:ICR(CD-1) laboratory mice, comparing animals faced with low (L) and high (H) foraging costs to non-foraging animals receiving a food restriction (R) matched to the intake of H animals. Mice in the H group ran as much as L mice did...

... of natural vegetation being consumed. Although manatees exhibit metabolic rates lower than that predicted by body mass under normal conditions, they have been reported to reduce their metabolic rate by an additional 23 % during fasting ( Gallivan and Best, 1986 ). In general, fasting and food restriction...