... can analyse which of the alternative strategies migrants adopt. Such adaptive behaviours include the selection of optimal flight speed and the migratory travel itinerary. However, despite decades of research efforts, there are still many unsolved problems concerning flight mechanics and energetics...

... for migration. Here, we examined the energetic cost and flight speed of the long-distance migratory Nathusius’ bat ( Pipistrellus nathusii ). We measured flight metabolism in relation to airspeed in a wind tunnel, inferred the optimal traveling speed over long distances, i.e. maximum range speed, and compared...

... shown that when bumblebees encounter sudden changes in the proximity to nearby surfaces – as indicated by a change in the magnitude of optic flow on each side of the visual field – they adjust their flight speed well before the change, suggesting that they measure optic flow for speed control at low...

[email protected] ) 7 10 2010 © 2011. 2011 accelerometer blue-eyed shag data logger flight speed GPS tracking power curve Air and water have drastically different physical properties, and hence animals capable of moving in both media are expected to face evolutionary trade-offs...

... bumblebee flight control flight speed ground speed vision For safe and reliable navigation, flying insects require information about their current position, speed and orientation in space and information about the proximity of surfaces in their environment. This information is extracted...

... © The Company of Biologists Limited 2005 2005 bat echolocation source level flight paths videogrammetry flight speed Understanding the echolocation behaviour of free-living bats has been advanced in recent years by simultaneously recording echolocation calls while monitoring three...

... effects are calculated using adjusted sums of squares, with only the main effects included in the model. For subsonic fixed-wing aircraft, the aerodynamic forces and moments vary quadratically with flight speed and linearly with angle of attack only up to the stall point. Linear approximations can...

... flight speed. The mean wingbeat frequency during powered climbing flight was 4.68 Hz, which was used to estimate the mass-specific muscle work. When falcons were leaving the colony for offshore hunting, they gained altitude by slope-soaring when there was an onshore wind. We formulated a simple criterion...

...York Winter ABSTRACT Aerodynamic theory predicts that minimum power ( V mp ) and maximum range ( V mr ) flight speeds increase when the body mass of an individual animal increases. To evaluate whether foraging bats regulate their flight speed within a fixed speed category relative to V mp or V mr...

...R. D. Stevenson; Kathleen Corbo; L. B. Baca; Quang D. Le ABSTRACT Flight speeds and behaviors of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta were recorded in chambers of four different sizes (0.57, 8.5, 44 and 447 m 3 ). Mean horizontal speed increased linearly with the cube root of chamber volume from 0.57 m s...

...Wolfram Zarnack; Michael Wortmann ABSTRACT Locusts were fastened to a force transducer in front of a wind tunnel to measure their lift and thrust during tethered flight heading into the wind. The thrust measurement was used to adapt the wind speed to the flight speed of the animals. Thus...