..., including long-distance migration. Oil spills Wind tunnel Flight energetics Quantitative magnetic resonance Kinematics Feathers are fundamental to avian form and function. They provide insulation for the maintenance of a high body temperature and homeothermy, they repel water and maintain...

... ) 24 1 2005 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2005 2005 Apis mellifera thermoregulation flight energetics water loss wingbeat frequency bee Honeybees, like other large (>50-200 mg) insects of several orders,maintain high mechanical power production during flight...

...} † Author for correspondence at present address (e-mail: [email protected] ) * Present address: Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 2 6 2004 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2004 2004 flight energetics thermoregulation...

... muscle . In Scale Effects in Animal Locomotion (ed. T. J. Pedley ), pp. 37 – 55 . New York : Academic Press . Hails , C. J. ( 1979 ). A comparison of flight energetics in Hirundines and other birds . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 63A , 581 – 585 . 10.1016/0300-9629(79)90199-3...

... by Company of Biologists 2001 Apis mellifera ligustica honeybee foraging motivation thermoregulation flight energetics Like many other endothermic insects, honeybees regulate their thoracic temperature ( T th ) relatively well during flight over a substantial range of air temperatures...

...: Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA (e-mail: [email protected] ) 03 03 1999 06 05 1999 © 1999 by Company of Biologists 1999 thermoregulation flight energetics water loss heat budget...

[email protected] ) 22 5 1998 © The Company of Biologists Limited 1998 flight energetics thermoregulation water loss bee Centris pallida. For many insects, regulation of thoracic temperatures within narrow limits is critical for optimal flight muscle performance ( Coelho, 1991...

... energetics suggested by hummingbirds hovering in heliox . Nature 377 , 722 – 725 . 10.1038/377722a0 Chai , P. and Dudley , R. ( 1996 ). Limits to flight energetics of hummingbirds hovering in hypodense and hypoxic gas mixtures . J. exp. Biol . 199 , 2285 – 2295 . 10.1242/jeb...

... value of 1 (oxidization of nectar sugar) to the measured value of 0.8. * e-mail: [email protected] 11 11 1997 22 12 1997 © 1998 by Company of Biologists 1998 gas exchange respiration hovering flight Glossophaga soricina bat flight energetics...

... by Company of Biologists 1993 aerodynamics bat Glossophaga soricina flight energetics induced velocity mechanical power It has long been of interest to estimate how much power is needed to keep an animal flying, from both theoretical and empirical points of view (reviewed by Norberg...

... may be affected by selective pressures operating at the colonial as well as the individual level ( Dyer and Seeley, 1990 ). Apis flight energetics thermoregulation honeybees © 1991 by Company of Biologists 1991 26 11 1990 >References Bartholomew , G...