... range by modifying their flight speed, thus maintaining similar glide angles without increasing energetic output or local morphological adaptation. Air density Equivalent airspeed Gliding flight 3D tracking Flapping flight Elevation gradient National Science Foundation http...

... flexibility of rose chafer wings increases the torque of each wing while improving maneouvring stability by mitigating the asymmetry in wing pitch between contralateral wings. Flexible wings Flapping flight Free flight Insect Manoeuvring flight Locomotion has direct consequences...

... mill, is controlled by body pitch and a collection of wing kinematic variables. Insect flight Flapping flight Calliphora Helicopter model Flies are eminent miniature flyers that exercise stable and agile flight over a large flight envelop ( Beatus et al., 2015 ; Fry et al., 2003...

... aspect ratio wings of dragonflies. This spanwise variation in aerodynamics could be exploited in the design of micro-air vehicles. Flapping flight Dragonfly Interaction Leading edge vortex Aerodynamics Dragonflies are among the most agile flying insects ( Shyy et al., 2008 , 2013...

..., adding to the growing appreciation that wing flexibility is not merely an inevitable liability in flapping flight, but can enhance flight performance. * Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) Competing interests The authors declare no competing or financial interests. 10 10...

...Diana D. Chin; David Lentink ABSTRACT More than a million insects and approximately 11,000 vertebrates utilize flapping wings to fly. However, flapping flight has only been studied in a few of these species, so many challenges remain in understanding this form of locomotion. Five key aerodynamic...

... colubri s Flapping flight Unsteady wind Hovering Summary: Hummingbirds are exceptional flyers that employ a combination of mean and transient flight control mechanisms to enable them to maintain flight in highly turbulent wind environments. ...

...Arvind Santhanakrishnan; Alice K. Robinson; Shannon Jones; Audrey Ann Low; Sneha Gadi; Tyson L. Hedrick; Laura A. Miller The aerodynamics of flapping flight for the smallest insects such as thrips is often characterized by a ‘clap and fling’ of the wings at the end of the upstroke and the beginning...

... of the overall study and in the writing-up phase. COMPETING INTERESTS No competing interests declared. 21 12 2012 28 5 2013 © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2013 butterflies take-off variability aerodynamic force leg force insect flight flapping flight...

... consider the kinematic evidence for Clione 's swim speeds being discrete gaits. * Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) 5 9 2011 © 2011. 2011 Clione limacina flapping flight kinematics pteropod speed change swimming Animals that locomote using flexible...

.... J. ( 2007 ). Energy-minimizing kinematics in hovering insect flight . J. Fluid Mech. 582 , 153 - 168 . Birch J. M. , Dickinson M. H. ( 2003 ). The influence of wing-wake interactions on the production of aerodynamic forces in flapping flight . J. Exp. Biol. 206 , 2257...

... strategy selection are also briefly discussed. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 15 6 2006 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2006 2006 flapping flight foraging theory Larus ridibundus Larus fuscus soaring Aerodynamic theory adapted...

.... and Dickinson, M. H. ( 2003 ). The influence of wing–wake interactions on the production of aerodynamic forces in flapping flight. J. Exp. Biol. 206 , 2257 -2272. Birch, J. M., Dickson, W. B. and Dickinson, M. H. ( 2004 ). Force production and flow structure of the leading edge vortex on flapping wings...

... for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 21 12 2004 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2005 2005 flow visualisation leading-edge vortex Manduca sexta hawkmoth DPIV particle image velocimetry PIV unsteady aerodynamics flapping flight micro air vehicle...

... to adjust its wing motion before the disturbances grow large. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 24 11 2004 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2005 2005 dynamic stability flapping flight hovering bumblebee insect Navier-Stokes simulation natural modes...

... of Biologists Limited 2004 2004 flapping flight quasi-steady force unsteady aerodynamics insect flight Reynolds number insect aerodynamics Many insects are capable of performing a wide variety of sophisticated aerial maneuvers including both sustained hovering and steady forward flight...

... that the fluid dynamic phenomena underlying flapping flight are different from those of non-flapping,2-D wings on which most previous models were based. In particular, even at high angles of attack, a prominent leading edge vortex remains stably attached on the insect wing and does not shed into an unsteady wake...

... during free flight of juvenile and mature adult locusts, Schistocerca gregaria . J. Exp. Biol. 203 , 2723 -2735. Gebert, G., Gallmeier, P. and Evers, J. ( 2002 ). Equations of motion for flapping flight. AIAA 2002 , 4872 . Gettrup, E. ( 1966 ). Sensory regulation of wing twisting...

.... and Dickinson, M. H. ( 2002 ). The aerodynamic effects of wing rotation and a revised quasi-steady model of flapping flight. J. Exp. Biol. 205 , 1087 -1096. Sarpkaya, T. ( 1982 ). Impulsively-started flow about four types of bluff body. J. Fluids Eng. 104 , 207 -213. Sarpkaya, T. ( 1991...

... 18 5 2001 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2001 2001 flapping flight quasi-steady force unsteady aerodynamics fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster added mass delayed stall rotational circulation wake capture. To perform aerial maneuvers, insects must not only generate...