... and accelerate. The escape trajectory is determined by the initial turn (stage 1) and a contralateral bend (stage 2). Previous studies have used a single threat or model predator as a stimulus. In nature, however, multiple predators may attack from different directions simultaneously or in close succession...

... , R. W. ( 1993a ). The effect of size on the kinematics and performance of angelfish (Pterophyllum eimekei) escape responses . Can. J. Zool.   71 , 2319 - 2326 . 10.1139/z93-325 Domenici , P. and Blake , R. W. ( 1993b ). Escape trajectories in angelfish (Pterophyllum eimekei...

...Paolo Domenici; Jonathan M. Blagburn; Jonathan P. Bacon Summary Escape trajectories (ETs; measured as the angle relative to the direction of the threat) have been studied in many taxa using a variety of methodologies and definitions. Here, we provide a review of methodological issues followed...

... the threat) and the escape trajectories (ETs) measured relative to the threat. Although logic would suggest that animals should always turn away from a predator, work on various species shows that these away responses occur only approximately 50–90% of the time. A small proportion of towards responses may...