... by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2013 Equus caballus spring–mass model sitting trot rising trot jockey For every role the horse has served since its domestication, from warfare, agriculture and transport to modern-day use as a sports and leisure animal, load carriage has been an important...

....) and stability (≤20 deg.) of the head and trunk. Three adult horses ( Equus caballus ) performing walks, trots and canters were videotaped in lateral view. Data analysis included locomotor velocity, segmental positions, pitch and linear displacements and velocities, and head displacement frequencies. Equine...

[email protected] ) 7 3 2007 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2007 2007 Equus caballus trot walk biomechanics limb stiffness model duty factor Performance horses commonly suffer from musculoskeletal injuries. These injuries will typically result in lameness, which...

... of the horse Equus caballus . J. Exp. Biol. 206 , 1325 -1336. McMahon, T. A. ( 1973 ). Size and shape in biology. Science 179 , 1201 -1204. McMahon, T. A. and Cheng, G. C. ( 1990 ). The mechanics of running: How does stiffness couple with speed? J. Biomech. 23 , 65 -78. Pollock, C. M...

... elastic compliance of the triceps surae:a simulation study. J. Exp. Biol. 204 , 533 -542. Brown, N. A., Kawcak, C. E., McIlwraith, C. W. and Pandy, M. G. ( 2003a ). Architectural properties of distal forelimb muscles in horses, Equus caballus. J. Morphol. 258 , 106 -114. Brown, N...

... transition. Horses ( Equus caballus ) were conditioned to run on a high-speed treadmill prior to data collection. Gait changes were recorded for each horse using a standardized testing protocol on the level and when trotting up a 10% incline. Both maximum sustained trotting speeds and minimum sustained...

.... J., Alexander, R. McN. and Ker, R. F. ( 1986 ). Elastic extension of leg tendons in the locomotion of horses ( Equus caballus ). J. Zool. Lond. 210 , 415 -425. Dyce, K. M., Sack, W. O. and Wensing, C. J. G. (ed.)( 1987 ). Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy 2 nd Edition. London, Saunders...

.... * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 27 02 2001 23 04 2001 © 2001 by Company of Biologists 2001 bone Young’s modulus anisotropy nanoindentation osteone horse Equus caballus It is generally regarded almost as a truism that the architectures...

... properties Equus caballus horse Horse evolution has led to the development of numerous morphological characteristics which enhance locomotor speed. One striking example has been the weight reduction of the limb terminus by eliminating all but a single digit. Surrounding the digit is a lightweight...

... Equus caballus Most biological materials are neither purely elastic nor purely viscous in mechanical behaviour; instead, they show a combination of both and are hence termed viscoelastic. A consequence of viscoelasticity is mechanical strain rate sensitivity and a possible transition from...

... by Company of Biologists 1992 ventilation breathing locomotion linkage horse Equus caballus It has been observed that some running and hopping animals synchronize their ventilation and locomotion. Horses, dogs and hares all take exactly one breath per stride when they canter and gallop...

... 1990 © 1991 by Company of Biologists 1991 horse exercise lung resistance work of breathing comparative respiratory physiology Equus caballus Equine exercise physiology is gaining a progressive consideration among physiologists, mainly because of the remarkable aerobic...