... by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2013 Equus caballus spring–mass model sitting trot rising trot jockey For every role the horse has served since its domestication, from warfare, agriculture and transport to modern-day use as a sports and leisure animal, load carriage has been an important...

....) and stability (≤20 deg.) of the head and trunk. Three adult horses ( Equus caballus ) performing walks, trots and canters were videotaped in lateral view. Data analysis included locomotor velocity, segmental positions, pitch and linear displacements and velocities, and head displacement frequencies. Equine...

[email protected] ) 7 3 2007 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2007 2007 Equus caballus trot walk biomechanics limb stiffness model duty factor Performance horses commonly suffer from musculoskeletal injuries. These injuries will typically result in lameness, which...

.... ( 2004 ). Biomechanics of microscopic appendages: functional shifts caused by changes in speed. J. Biomech. 37 , 789 -795. McGuigan, M. P. and Wilson, A. M. ( 2003 ). The effect of gait and digital flexor muscle activation on limb compliance in the forelimb of the horse Equus caballus . J. Exp...

... of Biologists Limited 2005 2005 Equus caballus locomotion biomechanics elastic strain energy energy storage muscle work The horse has outstanding locomotor abilities. Top racing horses can cover a distance of 1 mile at an average speed of some 15 m s -1 , while top show jumping horses can...

... transition. Horses ( Equus caballus ) were conditioned to run on a high-speed treadmill prior to data collection. Gait changes were recorded for each horse using a standardized testing protocol on the level and when trotting up a 10% incline. Both maximum sustained trotting speeds and minimum sustained...

... of Biology, L. C. Miall Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK (e-mail: [email protected] ) 19 1 2003 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2003 2003 locomotion gait stiffness tendon horse Equus caballus Large cursorial mammals have lengthened distal limb...

.... * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 27 02 2001 23 04 2001 © 2001 by Company of Biologists 2001 bone Young’s modulus anisotropy nanoindentation osteone horse Equus caballus It is generally regarded almost as a truism that the architectures...

... properties Equus caballus horse Horse evolution has led to the development of numerous morphological characteristics which enhance locomotor speed. One striking example has been the weight reduction of the limb terminus by eliminating all but a single digit. Surrounding the digit is a lightweight...

... Equus caballus Most biological materials are neither purely elastic nor purely viscous in mechanical behaviour; instead, they show a combination of both and are hence termed viscoelastic. A consequence of viscoelasticity is mechanical strain rate sensitivity and a possible transition from...

... by Company of Biologists 1992 ventilation breathing locomotion linkage horse Equus caballus It has been observed that some running and hopping animals synchronize their ventilation and locomotion. Horses, dogs and hares all take exactly one breath per stride when they canter and gallop...

... Equus caballus (body mass: 525.0±41.8kg, age: 10.3±5.7 years; mean±s.D.), clinically free of any symptoms referable to acute or chronic respiratory disease. No tranquillizer was given at any stage of the experiments. Equine exercise physiology is gaining a progressive consideration among...