... of ethics, safety and animal well-being, we propose an automated method to obtain voluntary maximum bite forces from large mammals, and validate it as part of environmental enrichment in a zoo setting. We validated our method using two bear species and a lion, and show that in vivo data are critical...

...Numair Masud; Amy Ellison; Edward C. Pope; Jo Cable ABSTRACT A lack of environmental enrichment can be severely detrimental to animal welfare. For terrestrial species, including humans, barren environments are associated with reduced cognitive function and increased stress responses and pathology...

... and Refinement – are embedded into the legislation and guidelines governing ethical rigour of animal use in experiments; we consider the advantages of adopting key aspects of the 3Rs into experimental biology. Animal welfare Environmental enrichment Replacement Reduction Refinement Toxicology...

... for correspondence ( [email protected] ) 11 11 2010 © 2011. 2011 brain cell proliferation season environmental enrichment electrocommunication electric fish Brachyhypopomus The brains of animals living in complex environments differ structurally from those of animals living...

...Francisco Díaz-Fleischer; José Arredondo; Martín Aluja SUMMARY Early adult experiences in enriched environments favours animal brain and behavioural development ultimately resulting in an increased fitness. However,measuring the effect of environmental enrichment in animal behaviour in nature...

... electrophysiology operant conditioning environmental enrichment Despite a rich history of exploration, investigating how genetic predisposition versus environmental experience affects the ability to learn and form memory remains poorly understood. The positive effects of`environmental enrichment' on brain...