... behavior. Kinematics Flight angle Energy saving Wind effectiveness Groundspeed Airspeed National Science Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001 IOS-1930886 Birds use different strategies to lower the cost of flight ( Portugal et al., 2014 ; Usherwood, 2016...

... savings from torpor. However, under especially challenging conditions and when animals are starving, energy savings are maximized by uniform and pronounced expression of torpor. Inside the occupied nest box, minimum T box was 6.6±2.4°C ( N =20) and never fell below 2.0°C, although nightly T a,min...

... of start and duration of torpor were the most flexible components of energy savings, increasing in response to the acute food shortage with facilitation by chronic restriction (acclimation effect). Modulations of locomotor activity did not support the hypothesis of energy savings, as total locomotor...