... output Energy efficiency Particle image velocimetry 13 C-Labelled sodium bicarbonate Wind tunnel The power required for birds to fly can be predicted from flight mechanical models ( Klein Heerenbrink et al., 2015 ; Pennycuick, 1968 , 2008 ), which in combination with optimality models can...

... eccentric contraction based on interactions among myosin, actin and titin. Active stretch Winding filament hypothesis Energy efficiency Titin activation Eccentric, or lengthening, contractions occur in muscles when the external force acting on them is greater than the force...

... the energy coupling efficiency of muscle mitochondria, which triggers an economical management of fuels and might drive the fatty acid shift from oxidation to storage within the tissue. Mitochondria Bioenergetics Energy efficiency Starvation Birds Oxidative metabolism Fasting is a major...

... that mitochondria are on average 15% more energy efficient in naturally fasted than in experimentally fed chicks, indicating that fasted birds consume less nutrients to sustain their energy-demanding processes. We also found that moderate reductions in temperature from 38°C to 30°C further increase by 23...

... biophysical relationships, to their function. These findings emphasize that neurons are subject to a law of diminishing returns that severely penalizes excess functional capacity with increased energetic costs. The high energetic costs associated with neural tissue favour energy efficient coding and wiring...