... but not simple and/or were too weak to be detected via linear regression. Overall, combined exposure to ecologically relevant MeHg and unpredictable food stress during the breeding season does not appear to induce extra energetic costs for songbirds in the post-exposure period. However, MeHg effects on molt...

....7701346 Doke , J. and Kuo , A. D. ( 2007 ). Energetic cost of producing cyclic muscle force, rather than work, to swing the human leg . J. Exp. Biol.   210 , 2390 - 2398 . 10.1242/jeb.02782 Doke , J. , Donelan , J. M. and Kuo , A. D. ( 2005 ). Mechanics...

... that the large claw does not increase energetic costs during sustainable locomotion. Following non-sustainable, strenuous locomotion, however, there was a trend for clawed crabs to have higher concentrations of lactate in their blood than declawed crabs, suggesting that bearing a large claw may increase...

... consumed the greater the volume filtered. Together, these data suggest that sponges have active control over the volume of water they process, which may be an adaptation to reduce the energetic cost of filtration in times of high stress. * Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) Competing...

... Metabolic power Energetic cost The foot momentarily passes close to the ground about mid-way through each swing phase of walking. It does so with a peak speed over a stride, about three times walking speed ( Winter, 1992 ), thus presenting a risk of unexpected ground contact and therefore...

... joints. Ankle push-off Biomechanics Energetic cost Locomotion Dynamic walking model During human walking, the ankle produces the highest mechanical power among the joints, in a burst late in the stance phase termed push-off. Its importance is illustrated by cases of impaired or reduced...

... resting metabolic rate: estimated at 5–7% in fish to 20% in humans ( Mink et al., 1981 ). The high energetic cost is primarily due to the maintenance of membrane potentials, generation of action potentials and synaptic transmission (e.g. Attwell and Laughlin, 2001 ; Lennie, 2003 ; Niven and Laughlin...

... them to perform manipulated behaviours. * Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) 29 3 2012 5 7 2012 © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2013 host–parasite relationship co-evolution host manipulation energetic cost evolutionary trade-off...

... energetic cost migration osmoregulation phenotypic flexibility shorebird Salinity has played an important role in the evolution of vertebrates ( Bentley, 2002 ). Numerous species of fishes, birds, reptiles, marine mammals and some amphibians perform annual migrations or dispersions in which...

...T. G. Valencak; F. Tataruch; T. Ruf SUMMARY European hares ( Lepus europaeus ) in central Europe have high energetic costs of reproduction, mainly due to precocial, rapidly growing young that rely largely on energy-rich milk. Thus, hares in this climate build up large fat stores during winter...

...Vielka L. Salazar; Philip K. Stoddard SUMMARY To understand the evolution of sexually dimorphic communication signals, we must quantify their costs, including their energetic costs, the regulation of these costs, and the difference between the costs for the sexes. Here, we provide the first direct...

... ). Contribution of whole-body protein synthesis to basal metabolism in later and broiler chickens. Br. J. Nutr. 57 , 269 -277. Pannevis, M. C. and Houlihan, D. F. ( 1992 ). The energetic cost of protein synthesis in isolated hepatocytes of rainbow trout( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). J. Comp. Physiol. B 162...

... energetic cost Chlamydomonas sp Extremely acidic aquatic environments, <pH 3, are rare in comparison to the neutral and slightly alkaline conditions that occur in open lakes and oceans ( Wetzel, 1975 ; Palmer et al., 1998 ). The Rio Tinto, in Southwestern Spain, is one such extreme...