.../ Summary: Electrical stimulation of the saphenous nerve during locomotion elicits phase-dependent stumbling corrective reaction (SCR) by activating distal flexor muscles similar to mechanically induced SCR. Spinal circuitry Electromyogram Kinematics Mice Motor behavior Animals have...

...; rather, it is often assumed based on CO 2 emission traces. In this study, we directly recorded electromyogram (EMG) signals from the closer muscle of the second thoracic spiracle and from abdominal ventilation muscles in a fully intact locust during DGE. Muscular activity was monitored simultaneously...

... irregular ( Fig. 2 I–L) and therefore suction and salivation frequencies could not be quantified using an electromyogram alone ( Fig. 4 A). Image analysis under intravital microscopy indicated that suction and salivation frequencies were 3.1 and 0.07 Hz, respectively, with single feeding complexes lasting...

... 2016 Summary: The neural control of lengthening contraction differs from that of shortening or isometric contractions; current knowledge on the specific control of lengthening contractions is summarized. Electromyogram Motor unit Voluntary activation Cortical excitability Spinal...

.... Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Competing interests The authors declare no competing financial interests. 8 5 2014 7 8 2014 © 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2014 Electromyogram Goal-directed behavior Manipulative behavior...

...Philipp Bußhardt; Stanislav N. Gorb SUMMARY The activity pattern of the claw retractor muscle of Pachnoda marginata peregrina beetles was examined in this study. We found this muscle to be located in the tibia, without a femoral part, as is the case in other insects. Electromyograms of the muscle...

... eye muscle activity. Consistently, visual stimulation led to retinal movements as long as the secondary eyes were not covered. Fig. 2 shows traces of electromyograms of four experiments. With all secondary eyes covered, the animals did not react to the moving targets, and there was no change...

... and retractor muscles of the hindlimb. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 19 1 2009 2009 retractor muscles protractor muscles electromyogram EMG recruitment quadruped running hip Because the extrinsic appendicular muscles cross from attachment...

... inertial oscillations of the trunk in the sagittal plane. Fig. 1. Normalized electromyograms (EMGs) for control and manipulation signals as well as the difference between control and manipulation trials of the m. multifidus lumborum and the m. longissimus thoracis et lumborum from all six dogs when...

... these hypotheses in this paper and the accompanying paper. Scup were acclimated to 10 °C (cold-acclimated) and 20 °C (warm-acclimated) for at least 6 weeks. Electromyograms (EMGs) and high-speed cine films were taken of fish swimming steadily at 10 °C and 20 °C. At 10 °C, we found that, although there were...

... should be addressed. 30 08 1994 bats echolocation vocalization respiration electromyogram Research on bat echolocation has largely centered on the production of ultrasonic calls and on the reception and processing of echoes. The larynx, as the site of sound production...

... evolution of terrestriality in early tetrapods. * Present address: Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA. 6 8 1991 © 1992 by Company of Biologists 1992 Ambystoma tigrinurn axial electromyogram kinematics locomotion salamander terrestrial...

... to be greater at lower ambient temperatures ( Yurgen-son, 1950 , cited in Uvarov, 1977 ), indicating that the thoracic nervous system may have some measure of protection from large variations in ambient temperature. locust flight temperature electromyogram Locusta migratoria . © 1992...