... patterns during cold-submergence to avoid disuse and preserve motor performance. Accordingly, we measured activity of respiratory muscles (buccal floor compressor and glottal dilator) via electromyography in freely behaving bullfrogs at 20 and 2°C. Although we confirm that ventilation cycles occur...

... during hibernation. The mechanisms that prevent disuse osteoporosis in bears are unclear as previous studies using histological and serum markers of bone remodeling show conflicting results. However, previous studies used serum markers of bone remodeling that are known to accumulate with decreased renal...

... species (ROS) in disused muscles may lead to oxidative stress, which in turn is associated with increased atrophic or apoptotic signalling and/or oxidative damage to the muscle and thus muscle disuse atrophy. Increases in the rate of oxygen consumption likely increase the overall generation of ROS in vivo...

... disuse Bone loss is observed following many forms of reduced skeletal loading including limb immobilization, spaceflight and long-term bed rest ( Leblanc et al., 1990 ; Vico et al., 2000 ; Li et al., 2005 ). Hibernation is a naturally occurring example of disuse, but bone loss in response...

... unchanged, indicating an absence of disuse osteoporosis. This preservation of bone tissue properties enables C. alboguttata to compress the active portions of their life history into unpredictable windows of opportunity, whenever heavy rains occur. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: cfranklin...

...Seth W. Donahue; Michael R. Vaughan; Laurence M. Demers; Henry J. Donahue SUMMARY Disuse by bed rest, limb immobilization or space flight causes rapid bone loss by arresting bone formation and accelerating bone resorption. This net bone loss increases the risk of fracture upon remobilization. Bone...

...Nicholas J. Hudson; Craig E. Franklin SUMMARY Prolonged muscle disuse in vertebrates can lead to a pathological change resulting in muscle wasting and a loss of muscle strength. In this paper, we review muscle disuse atrophy in the vertebrates and examine the factors that influence the magnitude...

..., to approximately equal proportions of fast, type II and slow fibres. Consistent with this transformation was an increase in the maximum shortening velocity, V max , and a decrease in the stiffness of the series elastic component. Disuse also produced muscle atrophy and a resultant decrease in twitch and tetanic...