... to disturbance, such as some beach-nesting birds (e.g. Snowden, 2018 ). It is possible that in some cases birds may opt to maintain heat dissipation through the bill instead of responding to a threat by constricting blood flow, as shown by one bird that did not constrict blood flow to the bill during...

...% ( N =3). Furthermore, although the temperature traces show T b increases that might be due to movements of normothermic individuals, these disturbances never led to a termination of torpor. Fig. 4. Example of an arousing animal disturbing a nest mate. Individual trace of body temperature...

... and anthropogenic disturbances can disrupt energy balance by prompting avoidance behaviours that increase transport costs, thereby decreasing foraging efficiency. We examined the ability of 12 free-ranging, juvenile northern elephant seals ( Mirounga angustirostris ) to mitigate the effects of experimentally...

... substantially higher than that calculated using the average. 17 5 1994 ©The Company of Biologists Limited 1994 drag turbulence disturbance survivorship biomechanics fluid-dynamics limpet Water velocities in mountain streams and rain-swollen rivers may reach 9 m s −1...