... in a highly coordinated wing-like manner in order to swim in the intermediate Reynolds number regime ( Re =10–100). The fin and shell kinematics indicate that atlantiid heteropods use unsteady hydrodynamic mechanisms such as clap-and-fling and delayed stall. Unique features of atlantiid heteropod swimming...

... stall effect, and the transition into flow separation. Also, the influence of the delayed stall and flow separation was clearly visible in measurements of instantaneous net force over the wingbeat cycle. Here, we show that, even at reduced frequencies as low as those of large bird flight, unsteady...

... considered (20–1800), when Re was above ∼100, the lift( C̄ L ) and drag( C̄ D ) coefficients were large and varied only slightly with Re (in agreement with results previously published for revolving wings); the large force coefficients were mainly due to the delayed stall mechanism. However, when Re...

... in identification and analysis of several unsteady mechanisms such as the clap-and-fling( Bennett, 1977 ; Maxworthy, 1979 ; Spedding and Maxworthy, 1986 ),delayed stall ( Dickinson and Götz,1993 ; Ellington et al.,1996 ), rotational lift( Bennett, 1970 ; Ellington, 1984d ; Dickinson et al., 1999 ; Sane...

... of kinematic variation and to investigate locomotor control in freely moving animals. (e-mail: [email protected] ) 16 9 2002 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2002 2002 unsteady aerodynamics rotational circulation delayed stall Magnus effect attached vortex lift hovering...

... 18 5 2001 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2001 2001 flapping flight quasi-steady force unsteady aerodynamics fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster added mass delayed stall rotational circulation wake capture. To perform aerial maneuvers, insects must not only generate...