...S. H. P. Maddrell ABSTRACT The body forms of the larvae of most endopterygote insects are remarkably similar. I argue that their typical worm-like shape cuts costs; in particular, this allows the larvae to benefit from cheaper moulting and from less costly provision of fuel and oxygen...

... in terms of rapid response and higher mean fitness, so why is it not more common? Plausibly, adaptive plasticity also confers a cost; reshaping the phenotype takes time and energy, so that canalised control of trait values enhances fitness if the optimal phenotype remains the same from one generation...

... response. However, this stimulation of the inflammatory response greatly increases the cost of antigenic exposure and may explain the reduction in growth or condition that is often observed after immunization with even fairly innocuous antigens( Siegel et al., 1982 ; Demas et al., 1997 ; Ots et al., 2001...

...Anne K. Gutmann; Brian Jacobi; Michael T. Butcher; John E. A. Bertram SUMMARY Walking humans spontaneously select different speed, frequency and step length combinations, depending on which of these three parameters is specified. This behavior can be explained by constrained optimization of cost...

... (direct calorimetry) as the sea water flows through the respiration chamber. metabolism larval development cost coulometric respirometry polarographic oxygen sensors Winkler assay Asterina miniata Crassostrea gigas Dendraster excentricus Strongylocentrotus purpuratus...